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lower extremity muscles Flashcards

EVERYTHING from MSAK lec 1 - lecture 12 notes

1
Q

hip flexor muscles

A

iliacus and psoas major

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2
Q

external thigh rotators aka deep lateral rotator group (Pretty GO GO Queen)

A

piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, obturator externus, quadratus femoris

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3
Q

iliacus

A

O: iliac fossa (superior 2/3), sacral ala, AIIS)
I: lesser trochanter of femur
A: flexion of thigh @ hip, weak lat. rot. thigh @ hip.
Reverse A: anterior pelvic tilt @ hip

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4
Q

psoas major

A

O: T12 - L5 anterolateral vertebral bodies and IVD, anteriorly on the transverse processes (TP) of L1 - L5
I: lesser trochanter
A: flexion of thigh @ hip, weak lateral rotation of thigh @ hip
RA: anterior pelvic tilt @ hip

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5
Q

iliopsoas tendon

A

common tendon of psoas major and ilacus. mainly does flexion of the thigh @ hip and anterior pelvic tilt @ hip

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6
Q

psoas minor (absent in 40% of population)

A

O: anterolateral T12 - L1 bodies and IVD
I: pectineal line of pubis and iliopectineal eminence of ilium and pubis
A: VERY WEAK flexor of trunk @ lumbar spine
RA: posterior pelvic tilt

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7
Q

gluteus maximus

A

O: posterior iliac crest (posterior to post. glute line), posterolateral sacrum, coccyx (also sacrotuberus ligament and thoracolumbar fascia))
I: gluteal tuberosity & IT band
A: extension of thigh @ hip, lat. rotation of thigh @ hip, upr fibres ABD thigh @ hip, lwr fibres ADD thigh @ hip
RA: posterior pelvic tilt

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8
Q

which 2 muscles originate between the gluteal lines

A

glute med. origin is between posterior and anterior gluteal lines.
glute minimus origin is between anterior and inferior gluteal lines.

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9
Q

gluteus medius

A

O: external ilium inferior to iliac crest, between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
I: greater trochanter (lateral surface)
A: abduction of thigh @ hip. anterior fibres flex/medially rotate thigh @ hip and anteriorly tilt pelvis. posterior fibres extend/laterally rotate thigh @ hip and posteriorly tilt pelvis.

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10
Q

gluteus minimus

A

O: external ilium, inferior to glute med., between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
I: greater trochanter (anterior surface)
A: abduction of thigh @ hip. anterior fibres flex/medially rotate thigh @ hip and anterior pelvic tilt. posterior fibres extend/laterally rotate thigh @ hip and posterior pelvic tilt

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11
Q

which muscles laterally rotate the thigh @ the hip as a primary action (deep rotators)

A

piriformis, gemellus superior, obturator internus, gemellus inferior, obturator externus, quadtratus femoris

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12
Q

piriformis

A

O: anterior sacrum and sacrotuberus ligament (not palpable so we show the greater sciatic notch since it passes through)
I: greater trochanter (superomedial surface)
A: laterally rotates thigh @ hip IN ANATOMICAL POSITION. when thigh is in flexion past 60 degrees, medial rotation and horizontal extension of thigh @ hip

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13
Q

gemellus superior

A

O: ischial spine
I: greater trochanter (medial surface)
A: lateral rotation of thigh @ hip, horizontal extension of FLEXED thigh @ hip

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14
Q

gemellus inferior

A

O: ischial tuberosity (superior aspect)
I: same as gemellus superior - greater trochanter (medial surface)
A: same as gemellus superior - lateral rotation of thigh @ hip, horizontal extension of FLEXED thigh @ hip

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15
Q

what is the only difference between gemellus superior and inferior

A

the origin. superior attaches to the ischial spine while inferior attaches to ischial tuberosity

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16
Q

obturator internus

A

O: internal surface of obturator foramen margin, obturator membrane, pelvic surface of ischium
I: greater trochanter (medial surface) - same as gemelli
A: laterally rotates thigh @ hip, horizontally extends flexed thigh @ hip - same as gemelli

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17
Q

obturator externus

A

O: external surface of obturator forament margin, obturator membrane
I: trochanteric fossa
A: laterally rotates thigh @ hip, horizontally extendsflexed thigh @ hip

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18
Q

which muscles laterally rotate the thigh @ hip and horizontally extend the FLEXED thigh @ hip

A

Piriformis, gemellus superior, gemellus inferior, obturator internus, obturator externus, quadratus femoris

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19
Q

quadratus femoris

A

O: ishcial tuberosity (lateral border)
I: quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur
A: lateral rotation of thigh @ hip, adduction of thigh @ hip, horizontally extends flexed thigh @ hip

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20
Q

which pelvic girdle muscles flex the hip

A

iliacus and psoas major

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21
Q

which pelvic girdle muscles extend the hip

A

glute max, glute med, glute min

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22
Q

which pelvic girdle muscles internally rotate the hip

A
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23
Q

which pelvic girdle muscles externally rotate the hip

A

Piriformis, gemellus superior and inferior, obturator internus and externus, quadratus femoris

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24
Q

which pelvic girdle muscles abduct the hip

A
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25
which pelvic girdle muscles adduct the hip
26
tensor fasciae lata
O: ASIS & anterior iliac crest I: IT band 1/4 of way down thigh A: flexes, abducts, and medially rotates thigh @ hip weakly extends leg @ knee because of insertion on IT band which attaches below the knee
27
IT band
strong layer of fascia. combo of the fascia lata, tendons of TFL and glute max. it acts as a sheath for the tensor fascia lata tendon and helps keep the knee extended. inserts on Gerdy's tubercle (anterior tibia)
28
inguinal ligament
connects ASIS to pubic tubercle. narrow band of dense fibrous connective tissue
29
what is the difference between midpoint of inguinal ligament and mid-inguinal point
mid-inguinal point is on an imaginary line from ASIS to pubic symphisis
30
define fascia
sheet/band of fibrous connective tissue. can be superficial (just below dermis), deep (surrounding muscles, bones, and neurovascular structures) or visceral (suspends organs within cavities)
31
fascia lata
deep fascia of the thigh. from iliac crest and inguinal ligament to bony prominences of tibia. becomes crural fascia distal to the knee. divides thigh muscle into 3 compartments
32
muscles of anterior thigh
sartorius, quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius), articularis genu, psoas major? iliacus?
33
sartorius
O: ASIS I: pes anserine tendon (SGT) A: flexion, abduction, lateral rotation of thigh @ hip, flexion of leg @ knee RA: anterior pelvic tilt
34
rectus femoris
O: AIIS I: tibial tuberosity (via patella and patellar ligament. also tibial condyles via retinacular fibres) A: flexes thigh @ hip (only quad that crosses hip joint) and extension of leg @ knee RA: anterior pelvic tilt
35
vastus lateralis
O: lateral lip of linea aspera (+ intertrochanteric line and gluteal tuberosity) I: tibial tuberosity (via patella & patellar ligament, also tibial condyles via retinacular fibres) A: extends leg @ knee
36
vastus medialis
O: medial lip of linea aspera (+ intertrochanteric line, medial supracondylar line) I: tibial tuberosity (via patella and patellar ligament and tibial condyles via retinacular fibres) A: extends leg @ knee
37
articularis genu
O: deep anterior distal femoral shaft I: knee joint capsule A: tenses and pulls the knee joint proximally. helps prevent the capsule from being pinched between patella and femur when quads are contracted
38
which anterior thigh muscles cross both the hip and knee joint? do they have the same origin? actions?
rectus femoris and sartorius. they both start from coxal bone but sartorius is @ ASIS and rectus femoris is AIIS. both cross the knee joint but sartorius goes more medial to Pes anserine tendon, while rectus femoris goes to tibial tuberosity. they both do anterior pelvic tilt and flex the thigh at the hip, but sartorius is the stronger flexor. sartorius also does more actions @ the hip (abduction, lateral rotation. it also does flexion of the knee while rectus femoris does extension.
39
muscles of medial thigh (adductor group) (Please Baby Love My Groin)
pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor magnus, gracilis
40
adductor magnus
O: anterior head - inferior pubic ramus and ramus of ischium posterior head - ischial tuberosity I: ant. head - gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line of femur post. head - adductor tubercle of femur A: adducts and extends thigh @ hip (+ flexes and medially rotates thigh @ hip - it has 2 parts)
41
adductor longus
O: anterior body of pubis I: middle 1/3 of medial lip of linea aspera A: adducts, flexes, (+medial rotates) thigh @ hip RA: anterior pelvic tilt
42
adductor brevis
O: inferior pubic ramus I: proximal 1/3 of linea aspera A: adducts, flexes (+ medial rotates) thigh @ hip RA: anterior pelvic tilt
43
pectineus
O: pectineal line of superior pubic ramus I: pectineal line of femur A: adducts, flexes (+ medially rotates) the thigh @ hip RA: anterior pelvic tilt
44
gracilis
O: anterior body and inferior ramus of pubis I: pes anserine tendon A: adducts and flexes thigh @ hip, flexes leg @ knee (+ medial rotation of thigh and knee @ hip and leg) RA: anterior pelvic tilt
45
what is the common action of medial thigh muscles (adductors)
they all do adduction and flexion (+ medial rotation) of the thigh @ hip. adductor magnus does some flexion but more of an extensor (does both because of 2 heads). all but adductor magnus do anterior pelvic tilt (reverse mover action)
46
muscles of posterior thigh
hamstrings - biceps femoris laterally, semitendinosus and semimembranosus (deeper) medially
47
biceps femoris
O: short head - linea aspera, lateral supracondylar line long head - ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberus ligament I: head of fibula, lateral condyle of tibia A: flexion of leg @ knee, extension of thigh @ hip (+ lateral rotation of hip and knee, long head adducts thigh @ hip) RA: posterior pelvic tilt (long head)
48
semimambranosus
O: ischial tuberosity (proximal and lateral to biceps femoris and semitendinosis) I: posteromedial medial tibial condyle A: flexes leg @ knee, extends thigh @ hip (+ medial rotates knee and hip) RA: posterior pelvic tilt
49
semitendinosus
O: ischial tuberosity I: pes anserine A: flexes leg @ knee, extends thigh @ hip (+ medially rotates knee and hip) RA: posterior pelvic tilt
50
what are the common actions of the hamstrings
flexion of leg @ knee, extension of thigh @ hip (+medial rotation of knee and hip). RA: posterior pelvic tilt
51
what is an origin that all hamstrings share
ischial tuberosity
52
which muscles share pes anserine
sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus (attach from superior to inferior)
53
crural fascia
deep fascia of the leg. continuous with fascia lata of the thigh and forms popliteal fascia posteriorly. thickens to form ankle retinacula distally. divides leg into anterior, posterior, and lateral compartments.
54
which muscles make up the anterior compartment of the leg
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
55
which muscles make up the superficial posterior compartment of the leg
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
56
which muscles make up the deep posterior compartment of the leg
popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
57
what is the main action of the anterior muscles of the leg
dorsiflexion
58
tibialis anterior
O: lateral condyle of tibia, proximal 2/3 of tibia and interosseous membrane I: base of 1st metacarpal and medial cuneiform A: dorsiflexion of foot @ ankle, inversion of foot @ subtalar jt
59
extensor digitorum longus
O: lateral condyle of tibia, proximal 2/3 of fibula, proximal 1/3 of interosseous membrane I: middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5 via dorsal digital expansion A: extension of digits 2-5 @ MTP, PIP, DIP jts, dorsiflexion of foot @ ankle. (+ eversion of foot @ subtalar jt)
60
extensor hallucis longus
O: middle 1/3 of anterior fibula and interosseous membrane I: dorsal surface of distal phalanx of big toe A: flexion of toe @ IP and MTP, dorsiflexion of foot @ ankle. (+ inversion of foot @ subtalar jt)
61
fibularis tertius (not present in everyone)
O: distal 1/3 of anterior fibula and interosseous membrane I: dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal A: dorsiflexion of foot @ ankle. (+ eversion of foot @ subtalar jt) sort of part of flexor digitorum longus
62
extensor retinaculum/cruciate crural ligament
connective tissue surrounding extensor muscles of anterior compartment of leg. has 2 parts: superior and inferior
63
transverse crural ligament
superior portion of extensor retinaculum spanning from fibula to tibia, superior to malleoli
64
inferior extensor retinaculum
y-shaped inferior portion of extensor retinaculum. laterally attached to calcaneus. upper portion attaches to medial malleolus, lower portion blends with plantar fascia
65
muscles of lateral leg (stirrup muscles)
fibularis/peroneus longus, fibularis/peroneus brevis
66
fibularis longus
O: head of fibula + proximal half of lateral fibula I: base of 1st metatarsal + medial cuneiform A: eversion of foot @ subtalar joint, plantarflexion of foot @ ankle. supports the medial longitudinal arch of the foot
67
fibularis brevis
O: distal 1/2 of lateral fibula I: runs posterior to the lateral malleolus to attach onto the styloid process of the 5th metatarsal A: eversion of foot @ subtalar joint, plantarflexion of foot @ ankle
68
Lateral/fibular retinacula (superior and inferior)
Superior goes from lateral malleolus to calcaneus. Inferior is continuous with inferior extensor retinaculum
69
What action do the lateral muscles of the leg perform
Eversion of the foot @ subtalar joint. Plantar flexion of foot @ ankle.
70
superficial muscles of posterior leg
Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
71
gastrocnemius
O: medial head - posterior medial condyle of femur lateral head - posterior lateral condyle of femur I: posterior surface of calcaneus via achilles tendon A: plantar flexion of foot @ ankle, flexion of leg @ knee
72
soleus
O: soleal line of tibia, head of fibula, proximal 1/3 of fibula I: posterior calcaneus via achilles tendon A: plantar flexion of foot @ ankle (+ inversion of foot @ subtalar)
73
plantaris
O: lateral condyle of femur, distal lateral (supracondylar line) I: posterior surface of calcaneus (medial to calcaneal tendon) via achilles tendon A: plantarflexion of foot @ ankle, flexion of leg @ knee (+ inversion of foot @ subtalar)
74
what is the common tendinous insertion of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg
achilles tendon
75
what motion do the posterior superficial muscles of the leg perform on the ankle
plantarflexion
76
deep muscles of posterior leg (tom, dick, and harry + 1)
popliteus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus
77
popliteus
O: lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur (intra-articular- attaches to meniscus) I: proximal posteromedial tibia A: medial rotation of leg @ knee (knee lock), lateral rotation of leg @ knee (unlock), flexes leg @ knee
78
tibialis posterior
O: proximal 2/3 of tibia, fibula and interosseous membrane I: splits into 2 slips inferior to spring ligament - superficial portion attaches to navicular tuberosity, deep portion attaches to metatarsal bases 2-5 and every tarsal except talus A: plantarflexion of foot @ ankle, inversion of foot @ subtalar
79
flexor digitorum longus
O: middle 1/3 of posterior tibia (below soleal line) I: plantar surface of base of distal phalanges 2-5 A: flexes MTP, PIP, DIP joints of digits 2-5, plantar flexes foot @ ankle, inverts foot @ subtalar joint
80
flexor hallucis longus
O: distal 2/3 of posterior fibula and interosseous membrane I: plantar surface of base of distal phalanx of big toe
81
where do the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus tendons cross
crural chiasm
82
what forms the roof of the tarsal tunnel
flexor retinaculum of the ankle (which runs from medial malleolus to medial process of calcaneus)
83
what goes through the tarsal tunnel (tom dick and very nervous harry)
tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, posterior tibial vein, tibial nerve, flexor hallucis longus
84
dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot
extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis
85
extensor digitorum brevis
O: superior lateral calcaneus, lateral talocalcaneal ligament, apex of inferior extensor retinaculum I: fuses with lateral side of tendons of extensor digitorum longus digits 2-4 A: extends MTP, PIP, DIP of digits 2-4 (mostly during full dorsiflexion)
86
extensor hallucis brevis

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