Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Patient Evaluation > MS pathologies pt. 3 ( infection/trauma) > Flashcards

MS pathologies pt. 3 ( infection/trauma) Flashcards

1
Q

Osteomyelitis pahto ?

A

Bacterial or fungal infection in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Osteomyelitis routes ?

A

hematogenous

exogenous ( surgery or trauma)

contiguous ( soft tissue infection nearby )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Osteomyelitis – 
ACUTE hematogenous patho ?

A

Bacteria lodge in end artery of metaphysis and multiply below periosteum

**rarely goes into the joint and cause septic arthritis cause the epiphyseal is a barrier ** - can see its not in the joint cause the epiphyseal plate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osteomyelitis – 
ACUTE hematogenous Hx ?

A

Have history of infection, e.g. strep throat, skin, UTI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Osteomyelitis – 
ACUTE hematogenous sxs ?

A

pain, malaise, anorexia, vomiting, fever ( vague)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Osteomyelitis – 
ACUTE hematogenous dx ?

A

blood culture (+/-)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Osteomyelitis – 
ACUTE hematogenous pathologic organisms ?

A

S. aureus, Hemolytic strep, H. flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Osteomyelitis – 
ACUTE hematogenous Tx ?

A

IV antibiotics, possibly surgical drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osteomyelitis – CHRONIC patho ?

A

Occurs when acute infection is untreated or tx fails

Fragment of necrotic bone gets walled off – sequestrum

May lie quiet for months-years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osteomyelitis - Chronic facts ?

A

More sequestra form, bone gets deformed

Diabetics more prone cause they do not heal well cause circulation

Multiple organisms common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Osteomyelitis - Chronic tx ?

A

surgical debridement, bone reconstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sprains – ligamentous injury 1st degree ?

A

minimal pain, no joint instability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sprains – ligamentous injury 2nd degree ?

A

moderate pain, min. joint instability, partial ligament rupture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sprains – ligamentous injury 3rd degree ?

A

severe pain, completely unstable joint, complete ligament tear

**later angle injuries are more common more inversion injuries **

**tuning fork on it - hurts? then yes fracture but it does not hurt if the ligament is tore etc **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Strains – muscle injury 1st degree ?

A

– mildly or slightly pulled muscle, pain, spasm, swelling, ecchymosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Strains – muscle injury 2nd degree ?

A

– moderately pulled, pain, spasm, swelling, torn muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Strains – muscle injury 3rd degree ?

A

– severely pulled, loss of muscle function, palpable defect, ruptured muscle or tendon. Possibly avulsion fx at tendinous attachment ( ecchymosis, spasms, and prolongs liability)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Compartment syndrome causes and patho ?

A

Fx, crush injury, hemorrhage, burn, edema –

increased pressure in fascial compartment on arteriole walls

Compromises circulation in that space

**not diffusely the whole limb just a compartment and the blood is taking up space and it causes pressure o the arterial wall ( distal pulses are okay)

no risk of whole limb ischemia just the compartment ischemia **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Compartment syndrome Red Flags ?

A

Pain is out of proportion to injury

Pain is persistent & progressive

Weakness or paralysis of muscle

Tense compartment on palpation

Distal pulses remain intact

**casting should make them feel better but if in a cast and still pain then this is a problem and it is probably this

distal pulses are still okay

pain that is unrelieved with rest **

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Compartment syndrome dx ?

A

check compartment pressure with monitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Compartment syndrome tx ?

A

fasciotomy ASAP, with partial closure ( slices through the tissue and let compartment breath again)

**which compartment has a higher pressure **

they will do a partial closure and wait for swelling to go down ( and maybe need to go back to the OR to get all the other stuff out of there)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fibromyalgia Syndrome etiology ?

A

Etiology unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fibromyalgia Syndrome sxs and PE ?

A

Widespread muscle pain, worst in AM

No limitation of movement but stiffness

Trigger points – symmetric, often neck, shoulders, hands, back, knees

24
Q

Fibromyalgia Syndrome own notes ?

A

bilateral above and below the waits

need 11/18 tender with no sxs. pressure points positive to dx or 6 with ass. sxs.

these patients are hypersensitive and have a lower pain threshd

paints dont sleep well and are very fatigued

25
Q

Fibromyalgia patho ?

A

Unpredictable pattern of spread

Maybe aberrant pain signaling and amplification

26
Q

Fibromyalgia triggers ?

A

Triggers – immobility, overuse, cold temps.

No edema, but TTP

27
Q

Fibromyalgia dx ?

A

Dx of exclusion

28
Q

Fibromyalgia tx ?

A

some what physically active but do not over due it

29
Q

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) etiology ?

A

UKN

30
Q

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) age and gender ?

A

+50 years, F>M ( middle age women)

31
Q

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) locations ?

A

Hip, shoulders, neck, symmetric

32
Q

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) sxs ?

A

Sudden or gradual onset

Worst in AM

Chronic, but ultimately self-limiting

Associated malaise, depression, weight loss

No true weakness

  • *muscle pain not the joints
  • *
33
Q

Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) dx ?

A

no dx test so we treat sxs.

34
Q

Most common metabolic bone disease in US ( and preventable) ?

A

Osteoporosis

35
Q

Osteoporosis gender ?

A

Females>Males ( cause estrogen loss after menopause)

36
Q

Osteoporosis etiology ?

A

↓ estrogen, chronic us of steroids, hyperthyroidism not well controlled, immobilization, smoking, malignancy

50% of postmenopausal women sustain an osteoporosis-related fracture

**alot of patient education here **

37
Q

Osteoporosis risk factors ?

A

Postmenopausal

+50 years

Weight<154 lbs

Low dietary calcium

Vita D deficiency - no sunlight

Tobacco and ETOH use

Fx in a first degree relative

Use of corticosteroids

Medical conditions

Medications

Inflammatory disorders

**thin petite people

dietary supplemets are a much better source

celiacs disease etc cause no absorptions ( this is alot of risk fcto5rs ) **

38
Q

Osteoporosis: increased bone resorption ?

A

osteoclast

39
Q

Osteoporosis: normal bone formation ?

A

osteoblasts

40
Q

Osteoporosis have a high risk of ?

A

Fx

**ridges are fragile and susceptible to breaking down **

**susceptible to compression fractures as they get older ( grandma getting shorter) loss of muscle bulk too **

41
Q

Osteoporosis PE, signs?

A

Decreased height

Usually asymptomatic until fx

**susceptible to compression fractures as they get older ( grandma getting shorter) loss of muscle bulk too **

42
Q

Osteoporosis dx ?

A

DEXA scan, check bone density

43
Q

Osteoporosis: DEXA screening ?

A

Screen at 65, younger if at risk

unless they have been VD defficeicnt for a long time to on steroid for a long time you can check earlier

44
Q

Osteoporosis sxs. ?

A

usually asxs, until fracture

45
Q

Osteoporosis Tx ?

A

prevention!

Dietary calcium (better than supplements) - 1200 mg a day ( but need VD for absorption)

Vitamin D – sun, food, supplements ( havent seen a benefit of supplements after 5 years ( max out effectiveness) )

Weight-bearing exercise

Bisphosphonates – Fosamax, Actonel, Boniva (decrease osteoclastic activity)

Risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw - rare but dramatic when you see it ( side effect of bisphosphonates)

46
Q

Bisphosphonates side effects ?

A

Risk of osteonecrosis of the jaw - rare but dramatic when you see it ( side effect of bisphosphonates)

47
Q

Metastatic bone disease hx ?

A

Hx of a primary cancer in prostate, breast, lung, thyroid, kidney

48
Q

Metastatic bone disease sxs. ?

A

nocturnal pain, unrelieved with rest, weight loss, hx of CA

49
Q

Metastatic bone disease what may be the first sign ?

A

Pathologic fx may be first sign – from minor event, due to thin bones

**first sing might be a fracture bone from a minor event like hitting it on the door or sneeze and break a rib **

50
Q

Metastatic bone disease dx ?

A

bone scan,

looking for
“hot spots” of
increased
activity

  • ↑ serum alk phos

**hot spot - increase uptake in dye ( no definitive - could just be more activity there but a good clue) **

51
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome saying ?

A

“damn that girl is lose”

52
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome patho ?

A

Hereditary connective tissue disorder (autosomal dominant or recessive trait)

53
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome prevalence ?

A

1/10000 to 1/25000

20,000-50,000 EDS patients in the US

54
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome signs and sxs. ?

A

joint hypermobility

skin hyper extensibility

tissue fragility

pain

recurvatum of the knees

**runs in families and not common and they are in alot of pain

no opioids they need to learn to cope with it **

55
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome vascular types prevalence ?

A

5%

56
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome vascular types ?

A

deficit of collagen TIII

decreased /absent collagen synthesis or abnormalities in collagen secretion

57
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome prognosis ?

A

poor prognosis

most severe subtype ( vascular)

life threatening vascular ruptures

Anuerysm formation

Patient Evaluation (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions