Movement In Animals Flashcards
Why is movement important in animals?
1)So that they can get food.
2) To find a mate in order to reproduce.
3) To protect themselves from predators.
4) To find shelter
How do animals move?
Flying, walking, running, gliding
What kind of skeleton does a human have?
They have an endoskeleton.
What is an endoskeleton?
This means that the skeleton is inside the body
Give one advantage of an endoskeleton?
it protects the internal organs of the body
What is an exoskeleton?
This is where the hard part is outside of the body.
What is an advantage and disadvantage of an exoskeleton?
Advantage- It protects the whole body
Disadvantage- limits the size to which the organism can grow.
What are the two parts the human body is divided into?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
What is the axial skeleton made up of?
The cranium. Vertebral column and rib cage
What is the appendicular skeleton made up of?
All the other bones. Example: fore and hind limbs, pelvic, pectoral girdles
What are the functions of the skeleton in humans.
- To protect the internal organs in the body. Example- heart and lungs
- To provide support. Humans are supported upright
- For movement. There are a number of bones in the body that are linked together. Muscles and other tissues such as tendons can cause movement of a single bone.
- Makes rbc and wbc- in the leg bones, bone marrow of pelvis, ribs, sternum.
What are the long bones?
Hind limbs- femur, tibia, fibula
Fore limbs- humerus, radius, ulna
Is bone living?
Yes
What does a bone have?
It has a central canal made up up blood capillaries and nerves.
Why are bones hard?
Because it is made of calcium phosphate and magnesium salts.
What gives bones elasticity.
Collagen fibers
How many bones does the vertebral column have and what are they called?
33 bones and they are called vertebrae.
What are the types of vertebrae and how many does each have?
Cervical vertebrae(7)
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
Lumbar vertebrae(5)
Sacrum (several vertebrae fused together)
Give features of the cervical vertebrae
Large neural canal because these vertebrae are closest to the brain
2. Vertebraterial canal present
3. Short neural spine
4. Short transverse process
Give some features of the thoracic vertebrae
- Smaller neural canal compared to the cervical vertebrae because it is further away from the brain.
- Very long neural spine to connect to back muscles
- Short transverse process to accommodate the rib bones on either sides.
Give some features of the lumbar vertebrae
- Centrum big and well developed to support the weight of the body
- Neural canal small
- Long wide neural spine
- Long transverse process for muscle attachment
What are the tissues that bring movement in a limb?
Tendons, ligaments, muscles, bones
How are bones able to move?
Because of the presence of joints and muscles
What are bones attached to each other by?
Ligaments
Can bones move on there own and why?
No because they need muscles attached around the bone.
The bone can move when the muscle contract(shorten) and relax(lengthen).
What is the fluid that lubricates the joint of bones reducing friction during movement?
Synovial fluid
What functions as a shock absorber on a bone?
Articular cartilage
What are the muscles on the arm that contract and relax to move the bones in order to flex or extend the arm?
Bicep and tricep
What are antagonistic muscles and give an example.
They are pairs of muscles that always work together at the same time in opposite ways.
When one is contracting the other is relaxing. Example: bicep and tricep in the joint of upper arm
What kind of muscle is a bicep called?
Flexor muscle
What type of muscle is a tricep called?
Extensor muscle
What are the three types of joints?
Immovable joint
Partially movable joint
Movable joint
What are joints?
A joint is where two bones meet
What is another name for an immovable joint and give a meaning and an example
Suture
The bones are fused together allowing no movement.
Example: cranium and pelvic girdle
What is another name for a partially movable joint and give a meaning and examples
Gliding joints
They have some movement
The bones slide over each other
Examples:joints in the Carpals(wrist) and
Tarsals (ankle)
Pivot joint- between atlas and axis at top of neck allows nodding of head
What is another name for an movable joint and give a meaning
Synovial joint
It has synovial fluid in these joints which reduces friction allowing free movement of the bones.
What are the two types of synovial joint and describe
Hinge joint- movement in one plane
Example- knees and elbows
Ball and socket joint- movement in all planes
Example- hip joints and shoulder
What is an advantage of a hinge joint?
They can carry heavier loads
Describe the compact bone in a long bone.
It is the hardest bone on the outside.
It protects the inner bone
Describe the spongy bone in a long bone.
It is the softer inner bone and has spaces in it.
It stops the bone from being too heavy.
Describe the cartilage of a long bone.
It covers the ends of bones.
It is softer than the bone but has collagen which gives it elasticity.
Allows bones to be able to move over each other because it is smooth.
It is a shock absorber
It reduces friction when bones rub against each other
Describe the red bone marrow in a long bone
rbc and wbc are made here
Describe the fatty marrow in a long bone
Stores fat
