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Biomechanics & Kinematics > Movement Analysis & Biomechanical Principles > Flashcards

Movement Analysis & Biomechanical Principles Flashcards

1
Q

isometric

A

contraction with no motion

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2
Q

contraction

A

shortening of muscle

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3
Q

eccentric

A

controlling movement against a force (usually gravity)

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4
Q

moment

A

a potential for torque

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5
Q

closed chain

A

distal segment is fixed (someone is holing on to something so they can not move freely)

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6
Q

open chain

A

a segment is not fixed, able to freely move

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7
Q

chain

A

each major joint are links of chain

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8
Q

Dynamic assessment

A

the entire task

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9
Q

static assessment

A

assessment of a single phase

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10
Q

phase

A

part of a task that has an end and beginning

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11
Q

What can indicate a phase change?

A

-direction change
-addition of new force
-change in contraction

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12
Q

Kinematics

A

describe motion, without forces

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13
Q

Kinematic variables

A

-location of movement
-direction of movement
-magnitude of movement
-rate or duration of motion

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14
Q

4 types of motion/displacement a rigid object can travel?

A

-rotary
-translatory
-gliding/sliding
-curvilinear

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15
Q

Rotary

A

-all about torque
-movement around a “fixed object” in curved path
-each point on the object moves at the same angle, each point going in the same time, kept at a constant distance from axis of rotation

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16
Q

translatory

A

-linear
-movement in a straight line
-each point of the object move the same distance in parallel paths
-usually coupled with rotary movement

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17
Q

gliding/sliding

A

-accessory motion
-another form of translation

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18
Q

curvilinear

A

-object moves forward then changes direction

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19
Q

3 cardinal planes

A

coronal (frontal), transverse, sagittal plane

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20
Q

degrees of freedom

A

-DF
-about or around an axis (rotation)
-along an axis (distance) (translation)

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21
Q

osteokinematics

A

direction of motion

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22
Q

sagittal plane

A

-front/back (flexion & extension)
-on medial to lateral axis (M-L)

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23
Q

frontal (coronal)

A

-on anterior to posterior axis
-abduction/adduction (shoulder & hip only)
-lateral flexion/ side bending (SB) (spine only)

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24
Q

transverse

A

-longitudinal or vertical axis
-external/lateral rotation (shoulder & hip only)
-internal/medial rotation (shoulder and hip only)
-rotation (L/R) (spine only

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25
Q

External forces of kinetics

A

gravity, wind, friction

26
Q

internal forces of kinetics

A

skeletal muscle (active)
inert tendon, ligament, fascia, fat (passive)
internal friction

27
Q

force vectors

A

-point of application (POA)
-magnitude
action line/line of action (direction & angle)

28
Q

how is a rotary component drawn?

A

perpendicular to lever at the point of application (POA)

29
Q

how is tension or compression component drawn?

A

parallel to lever from POA

30
Q

what is stability?

A

firmness of balance
ability to resist a disturbing force

31
Q

what does balance depend on?

A

strength
quickness/agility
proprioception

32
Q

what is a perturbation?

A

a disturbance of balance

33
Q

when looking at BOS to have better balance should there be more or less points on the surface?

A
  • base of support
    -more
34
Q

where should ones center of mass fall?

A

within base support

35
Q

if ones center of mass does not fall within their BOS does that mean they will fall?

A

no

36
Q

how does area play a role in stability of BOS?

A

the wider the area the more stable and how close the center of mass falls to edge of BOS

37
Q

how does body weight influence stability?

A

the more body weight one has the more stable they will be

38
Q

what does frictional characteristics have to do with stability?

A

static and dynamic co-efficent plays a role

39
Q

how does direction of force apply to stability?

A

the more aligned one is with the direction the force is coming from the more stable they will be

40
Q

what is the relationship of movement velocity and stability?

A

the faster you are going in the direction the force is applied the more stable you are

41
Q

what is inertia?

A

the ability to resist the imitation of a force and the change in motion

42
Q

describe law of inertia

A

-concerned with objects in equilibrium
-an object will remain at rest or in motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force

43
Q

describe law of acceleration

A

acceleration will occur if the force is bigger than the mass it is trying to move

44
Q

describe law of reaction

A

-an opposite and equal reaction for every action

45
Q

how can law of reaction be misleading?

A

when one object applies a force to a second object, the second object must also apply a force equal in magnitude and in the opposite direction

46
Q

where is reaction force applied?

A

at center of pressure (COP) with the arrow pointing to Center of mass

47
Q

how can one produce or change momentum?

A

must be an external force

48
Q

momentum

A

quantity of motion possessed by a body

49
Q

when inertia (resistance) decreases what happen to angular velocity?

A

increases

50
Q

what determines the quantity of angular momentum?

A

the torque applied overtime at the point of takeoff

51
Q

can in flight angular momentum change?

A

no

52
Q

torque

A

moment of force
force X distance

53
Q

what does maximum force/velocity rely on?

A

-timely addition of joint torques
-max torque production at each joint
-participation of all joints possible

54
Q

parallel system

A

all forces have parallel lines of action
force couples

55
Q

force couples

A

-2 forces parallel but pulling in opposite directions
-synergistic muscles

56
Q

first class lever system

A

joint in middle
effort on one side and resistance on the other
sea saw

57
Q

effort

A

-always agonist
-mover (creating motion)

58
Q

resistance

A

-antagonist

59
Q

second class lever system

A

fulcrum then RA then EA
usually eccentric contractions at most joints
classic wheel barrel
-favors power and efficiency

60
Q

third class lever system

A

fulcrum then effort arm then resistance arm
usually concentric contraction at most joints
-favors speed & ROM
-less efficient

61
Q

how does a mechanical advantage indicate efficiency?

A

the greater the efficiency the less Effort necessary to overcome a greater Resistance

Biomechanics & Kinematics (10 decks)

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