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Anatomical Kinesiology > Movement Analysis > Flashcards

Movement Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

divides a movement into a list of body actions

A

movement analysis

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2
Q

involves breaking down a particular movement into specific motions, which are then broken into ranked body actions

A

movement analysis

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3
Q

what do levers allow to be modified?

A

force, speed, or direction of movement produced by muscle contraction

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4
Q

when a muscle is attached to the skeleton, the _____ and _________ will determine the force, speed, and range of movement produced.

A

nature, site of connection

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5
Q

a rigid structure that moves on a fixed point, called the fulcrum

A

lever

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6
Q

a lever is a rigid structure that moves on a fixed point called the _____

A

fulcrum

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7
Q

in the body, each ____ is a lever and each ____ is a fulcrum

A

bone, joint

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8
Q

levers are important because they can change what 3 things?

A
  1. direction of applied force
  2. distance and speed of movement produced
  3. effective strength of applied force
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9
Q

most levers in the human body are which class?

A

third class

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10
Q

fulcrum (F) lies between the effort (E) and the resistance (R)

A

1st class lever

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11
Q

teeter-totter is the real world example of what?

A

1st class lever

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12
Q

example of 1st class lever in the body

A

head on the spine. atlantoccipital joint=F, weight of head=R, muscles pulling down on other side=E

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13
Q

R is located between E and F

A

2nd class lever

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14
Q

wheelbarrow is a real world example of what?

A

2nd class lever

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15
Q

example of 2nd class lever in the body

A

plantar flexion. toes and ball of foot=F, weight of body and bones of tibia and fibula=R, gastrocnemius and soleus through the achilles tendon=E

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16
Q

what is important about 2nd class levers?

A

able to move heavy loads because E arm is longer/greater than the R arm, but load is moved more slowly and doesn’t go as far

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17
Q

E is located between the R and F

A

3rd class lever

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18
Q

ladder is a real world example of what?

A

3rd class lever

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19
Q

example of 3rd class lever in the body

A

elbow flexion. elbow join=F, biceps at the radial tuberosity=E, forearm/hand=R

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20
Q

what is important about 3rd class levers?

A

allow speed and distance traveled (ROM) to increase because the E arm is less/shorter than the R arm

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21
Q

equation for mechanical advantage

A

effort/resistance

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22
Q

MA>1

A

2nd class lever, huge force, not fast or long

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23
Q

MA<1

A

3rd class lever, small force, but fast and large ROM

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24
Q

ROM at a joint

A

flexibility

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25
ability to stretch and hold at end point in ROM
static flexibility
26
ability to move joint quickly and fluidly through ROM
dynamic flexibility
27
factors affecting flexibility
join structure, tightness of soft-tissue, genetics, age, sex
28
inexpensive devices used to determine a joints range of motion
manual goniometer and inclinometer
29
assume a position and hold it there with no resistance other than using the strength of your agonist muscles
active static stretching
30
hold the stretch with some part of you body or other apparatus. relaxed and make no contribution to range of motion, only external forces do
passive static stretching
31
performed doing controlled movements to increase reach and speed of movement (ex. high knees)
dynamic stretching
32
go beyond normal ROM by bouncing
ballistic stretching
33
passively stretched by a partner, then contract isometrically against the resistance, then stretched again past previous ROM by partner
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching (PNF)
34
PNF
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation
35
ability to control equilibrium
balance (static vs. dynamic)
36
resistance to disruption of equilibrium, retain balance while experiencing factors that disturb balance.
stability
37
opposing forces or moments are balanced, sum of all forces of moments is 0
equilibrium
38
no movement; standing
static equilibrium
39
moving, but there is no change in velocity and no change in direction of movement (punting football with 1 leg)
dynamic equilibrium
40
factors affecting stability
mass, friction, base of support, horizontal location of COG, height of COG
41
prime movers responsible for movement
agonist
42
muscle that oppose the prime movers, neutralize actions
antagonists
43
assist prime movers
synergists
44
stabilize body through isometric/static contractions while agonists do their job
stabilizers
45
to have joint movement occur, what must differ
muscle tension and resistance forces
46
joint movement occurs
dynamic. concentric vs. eccentric
47
no change in joint angle
static
48
same speed throughout
isokinetic
49
going against gravity or against resistance, muscle shortens
concentric
50
muscle tension torque > resistance torque
concentric
51
going with gravity or going with resistance, muscle lengthens
eccentric
52
muscle tension torque < resistance torque
eccentric
53
muscle tension torque = resistance torque
static
54
the strength occurring at a joint; a rotary force
torque
55
torque equation
T=Fr (force*moment arm)
56
how can a moment arm be manipulated
joint angle and insertion site
57
the perpendicular distance from axis of rotation (joint) to where the muscle force is being applied (muscle insertion)
moment arm of muscle force
58
what happens when you increase the moment arm, but the force stays the same?
increase in torque (strength)
59
a result of net torque
movement
60
what is happening when you weight lift and have a "sticking point" somewhere is the range of motion? how do you get past it?
your muscle force equals the resistance force in that position. get past it by manipulating the moment arm
61
what muscles are effected by a force-length relationship
biarticular muscles
62
biarticular muscles do this in order to continue its exertion of force.
maintenance of a relatively constant length
63
how do biarticular muscles maintain a relatively constant length, whether they are causing motion at one or both joints?
concentric shortening at joint 1 is offset by joint 2 moving its attachment of muscle farther away
64
how does stretching a muscle too much or shortening too much affect force production?
decreases it
65
what happens when a muscle is shortened 50-60% of resting length?
ability to develop contractile tension is essentially reduced to 0
66
what happens when a muscle is stretched beyond 100-130% of resting length
significantly decreases amount of force muscle can exert
67
how does lengthening the muscles just right or shortening them at the perfect length affect force production?
increases it
68
example of lengthening muscles to increase force production
vertical jump. squat beforehand lengthens hip and knee muscle extensors and plantar flexors, used during the jump
69
internal loads are largely dictated by what?
external loads
70
how does an increase in gravitational moment arm affect load placed on the body?
it increases the load
71
what muscles are concentrically contracting during an abdominal crunch?
external and internal obliques, rectus abdominis, longus colli group, scalenes group
72
what are the agonist muscles for a push-up?
elbow extension= triceps; shoulder flexion= pec major, biceps; scapular protraction= pec minor, serratus anterior
73
agonist muscles for coming up form a squat
hip extension= gluteus muscles and hamstrings; knee extension= quadriceps; plantar flexion= gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis posterior
74
agonist muscles for lateral arm raises
shoulder abduction= deltoid; scapular upward rotation= serratus anterior and trapezius

Anatomical Kinesiology (14 decks)

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