6: Types of Muscles, Neck Muscles Flashcards by Heidi jensen

has the greatest impact on performance enhancement, need injury prevention

skeletal muscle

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connect bone to bone

ligaments

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connect muscle to bone

tendons

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perform locomotion

muscles

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early gross anatomist muscle classification

skeletal, visceral, cardiac

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histology muscle classification

skeletal=striated, visceral=smooth, cardiac=branch-striated muscles

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nerve control muscle classification

skeletal=voluntary, visceral=involuntary, cardiac=involuntary

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looks segmented with light and dark segments

striated muscle

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has no striations and is smooth

smooth muscle

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criss-crossed in a network pattern with striations that are irregular

branch-striated muscle

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important in activating the muscle

nerve control

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what muscles could be involuntary and voluntary

respiratory

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skeletal muscle fibers that run longitudinally

fusiform

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skeletal muscle fibers that have 4 distinct sides of the muscle belly

quadrate

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skeletal muscle fiber that are shaped as a triangle

triangular

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skeletal muscle that has a central tendon with fibers coming off at an angle

pennate (1 side=unipennate, both sides=bipennate)

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What allows pennate to be more powerful than parallel arranged fibers?

the way its organized allows for many more fibers

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muscle fibers that amplify force

pennate

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muscle fibers that amplifies speed of contraction and range of motion

fusiform

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7 ways muscles are named (SALADSN)

shape, action, location, attachments, direction of fibers, size, and number of divisions within the muscle

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muscle behavioral properties (CEEET)

contractility, extensibility, elasticity, excitability, tonicity

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tondons’ properties

extensibility and elasticity

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ability to shorten or contract

contractibility

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ability to stretch

extensibility

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ability to return to resting length

elasticity

firmness or hardness

tonicity

responds to stimuli

excitability

types of muscle contractions: anatomy classification

isotonic and isometric

types of muscle contractions: kinesiological classification

concentric, static, and eccentric

muscle shortens and causes movement

isotonic (concentric)

prevented from shortening

isometric (static)

muscle shortens

concentric (isotonic)

no change in joint angle

static (isometric)

muscle lengthens

eccentric

proximal, less mobile portion of muscle

origin

distal, more mobile portion of muscle

insertion

muscle can only _____; they can not _____!

pull, not push

outer connective tissue covering of skeletal muscle

epimysium

surrounds bundles of skeletal muscle fibers

perimysium

encases skeletal muscle fibers individually

endomysium

functional unit of skeletal muscle

sarcomere

made up of actin and myosin

sarcomere

tin protein in the sarcomere

actin

tick protein in the sarcomere

myosin

1 sarcomere goes from __________

z line to z line

area where both proteins (actin and myosin) overlap each other

A band

areas where only the actin protein is

I bands

middle of the A band visible only when the muscle is relaxed

H zone

why does the H zone disappear when the muscle contracts?

because the actin and myosin slide on top of each other

has crossbridges to attach to the actin during muscle action to help with contraction process

myosin

what powers the contraction process

ATP

deals with the contraction process

Sliding Filament Theory

more than one sarcomere

myofibril

During contraction the _____ will become shorter as the ____ come closer together --- just the ____ shortens, not the proteins.

sarcomere, z lines, sarcomere

slow twitch fibers which are used more for endurance since they have a high resistance to fatigue

slow oxidative (SO)

What type of skeletal muscle fibers would a marathon runner use the most

slow oxidative

fast twitch fibers "a" that are used for short, high intensity events

fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG)

What type of skeletal muscle fibers would you use the most in a 400 meter event?

fast oxidative glycolytic

fast twitch fibers "b" that are used for all-out effort, highly explosive events

fast glycolytic (FG)

What type of skeletal muscle fibers would you use the most in a 50 yd dash, or a hammerthrow?

fast glycolytic

increase in the muscle cell size

hypertrophy

You can't increase the ____ of the muscle cells you have because it is genetic

amount

how many capillaries supply each skeletal muscle fiber in a sedentary person? in a trained athlete?

3-4, 5-7

muscles require _____ more blood while exercising than while resting

100x

helps with pumping action to increase blood flow to the heart

contracting and relaxing of skeletal muscles

connects and innervates many muscle fibers

motor nerve

one motor nerve + muscle fibers it innervates

motor unit

all or none principal

all fibers in a motor unit contract or they don't

prime movers responsible for movement

agonists

muscles that oppose the prime movers

antagonists

muscles that assist the prime movers

synergists

muscles that stabilize the body

stabilizers

muscles on the anterior side of the vertebral column do what action?

head/neck flexion

muscles on the posterior side of the vertebral column do what action?

extension

sternocleidomastoid OIA

O: manubrium of sternum and clavicle; I: mastoid process of temporal bone; A: flexion (both contract), lateral flexion to same side, rotation to opposite side

scalenes group AR

synergist muscle for respiration, A: flexion, lateral flexion, rotation, elevates first rib; Region: first rib

longus capitus AR

A: head flexion; R: occipital

Rectus Capitus Anterior

A: head flexion; R: occipital

anterior muscles of the neck (4)

sternocleidomastoids, scalenes group, longus capitus, and rectus capitus anterior

posterior muscles of the neck (4)

rectus capitus posterior, splenius sapitus, and splenius cervicis

rectus capitus posterior AR

A: extension (hyper) and rotation; R: occipital

splenius capitus AR

A: extension (hyper) (both), lateral flexion, rotation (one); R: mastoid process

splenius cervicis AR

A: extension (hyper) (both), lateral flexion, rotation (one); R: cervical region

which posterior neck muscles have all the same actions?

splenius capitus and splenius cervicis