Movement 2 Flashcards
Cerebellum is the brain region that is responsible for…
- Basic coordination of limbs
- Eye movement
- Balance
- Muscle tone
Three functional components of the cerebellum
- Vermis & Anterior Lobe
- Posterior Lobe
- Flocculonodular lobe
Major inputs of signal into the cerebellum are from the ____ and ____ ____, which relay in ____ ____
Motor; promotor cortex; pontine nuclei
3 Layers of cerebellar cortex
- Molecular layer
- Purkinje cell layer
- Granular layer
The molecular layer of the cerebellar cortex includes…
Dendrites of purkinje cells; interneurons
Purkinje cells have their dendrites in…
(They receive more ____ ____ than any other neuron)
—>molecular layer
(Synaptic inputs)
Granule cells are located in the ____ ____, and they have very ____ dendrites. They also respond to the neurotransmitter____, which has an excitatory effect on the cell
Granule layer; short (or few); glutamate
Parallel fibers are…
Granule cell axons that project to the molecular layer; they split into two branches running in opposite directions
2 external inputs to the cerebellar cortex are ___ and ____, both are ___rgic
Climbing fibers; Mossy fibers; Glutamate
Climbing fibers
- From Inferior Olive (brainstem)
- Synapse on Purkinje cell dendrites (contact ~1–10 of them)
Mossy fibers
- From Pontine nuclei (brainstem)
- Full pathway: “corticopontocerebellar”
(Cerebral cortex —> pontine nucleus —> cerebellum)
Primary output from the cerebellar cortex is done by ____ cells
Purkinje
Anatomical loop of the brain
- Cerebral cortex
- Pontine nucleus
- Cerebellum
- Deep cerebellar nuclei
- Thalamus
- Back to the top
Cerebellum damage can lead to the inability to ____ movement accordingly to ____ ____
Adjust; Sensory information
Common behavioral traits following cerebellum damage
- Balance/gait
- Guided movements
- Error in range and force of movement
- Inability to rapidly stop the limb
Group of interconnected sub cortical brain structures of the basal ganglia
- Caudate
- Putamen
- Globus pallidus
- Thalamus
- And more that we’re uninterested in
The ventral regimental area of basal ganglia is associated with which neurotransmitter?
Dopamine
The ____ and ____ in primates are separate, while in rodents they are combined into a single structure called the ____
Caudate; Putamen; Striatum
Projections from Cortex to Striatum in the basal ganglia
- Pyramidal tract (PT)
- Intertelencephalic (IT)
Pyramidal tract neurons
Upper motor neurons that project to brainstem and spinal cord
Intertelencephalic neurons
Motor cortex neurons that do NOT project to brainstem and spinal cord
Direct pathway in the basal ganglia send axons to…
- Globus Pallidus internal segment (GPi)
- Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNR)
Indirect pathway neurons of the basal ganglia send axons to…
- Globus Pallidus external segment (GPe)
(projects to the subthalamic nucleus (STN), which then send axons to GPi & SNR)
GPi and SNR send axons to the ____, which then projects back to the ____ ____
Thalamus; cerebral cortex
Excitation of neuron is done by ____ while inhibition is by ____
Glutamate; GABA
The activity of the glutamate neuron has a ____ relationship with the output in the postsynaptic neuron
Direct
The activity of the GABA neuron has a ____ relationship with the output in the postsynaptic neuron
Reversed
Increase in direct pathway activity will result in ____ locomotion
More
Increase in indirect pathway activity will result in ____ locomotion
Less
SN compacta Dopamine: D1 for ____ pathway, D2 for ____ pathway
Direct; Indirect
