Learning & Memory 1

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A process by which experience results in changes in behavior

Question 2

Memory

Answer 2

Internal record of past experiences acquired through learning

Question 3

Habituation

Answer 3

A decrease in the strenght oroccurence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces that behavior

Question 4

Acoustic startle reflex can be described as a ____ response elicited by a ____ stimulus (such as a loud noise)

Answer 4

Defensive; Startling

Question 5

Orienting response

Answer 5

An organism’s innate reaction to a novel stimulus

Question 6

Factors influencing the rate and duration of habituation

Answer 6

1. How arousing the stimulus is
2. The number of times it is experienced
3. How frequent is the stimulus

Question 7

Sensitization

Answer 7

Phenomenon in which an arousing stimulus leads to stronger responses to a later stimulus

Question 8

Habituation is stimulus ____ (reaction elicited by one and only stimulus) while sensitization is not

Answer 8

Specific

Question 9

For sensitization, presentation of one stimulus can ____ response to a different stimulus

Answer 9

Enhance

Question 10

Non-associative learning includes…

Answer 10

Habituation and sensitization

Question 11

Associative learning includes…

Answer 11

Classical and operant conditioning

Question 12

Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning

Answer 12

A form of learning in which the organism acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific upcoming important event

Question 13

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 13

A cue that has some biological significance and that naturally evokes a response
ex. Food —> saliva
Onions —> tears

Question 14

Unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 14

The naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (production of saliva after food is presented)

Question 15

Neutral stimulus

Answer 15

Stimulus that doesn’t elicit the unconditioned response

Question 16

The concept of classical conditioning is to pair ____ with ____ ____ and present them ____, so that the ____ ____ can be evoked from ____ stimulus by itself

Answer 16

Neutral; Unconditioned Stimulus; Unconditioned Response; Neutral

Question 17

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 17

A cue that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and elicits a conditioned response (CR)

Question 18

Conditioned response (CR)

Answer 18

Trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 19

After trials of training in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes ____ ____, which then evokes the ____ ____

Answer 19

Conditioned stimulus; Conditioned response

Question 20

Operant conditioning

Answer 20

Organism learns to make a response in order to obtain or avoid important consequences

Question 21

In classical conditioning, organisms experience an ____ (__) regardless of whether or not they perform the ____ ____ (__)

Answer 21

Outcome (US); conditioned response (CR)

Question 22

In operant conditioning, the outcome ____ on whether the organism performs the ____

Answer 22

Depends; response

Question 23

Classical conditioning was studied by…

Answer 23

Ivan Pavlov

Question 24

Operant conditioning was studied by…

Answer 24

Edward Thorndike (ex. How cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes)