Learning & Memory 1 Flashcards
Learning
A process by which experience results in changes in behavior
Memory
Internal record of past experiences acquired through learning
Habituation
A decrease in the strenght oroccurence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces that behavior
Acoustic startle reflex can be described as a ____ response elicited by a ____ stimulus (such as a loud noise)
Defensive; Startling
Orienting response
An organism’s innate reaction to a novel stimulus
Factors influencing the rate and duration of habituation
- How arousing the stimulus is
- The number of times it is experienced
- How frequent is the stimulus
Sensitization
Phenomenon in which an arousing stimulus leads to stronger responses to a later stimulus
Habituation is stimulus ____ (reaction elicited by one and only stimulus) while sensitization is not
Specific
For sensitization, presentation of one stimulus can ____ response to a different stimulus
Enhance
Non-associative learning includes…
Habituation and sensitization
Associative learning includes…
Classical and operant conditioning
Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning
A form of learning in which the organism acquires the expectation that a given stimulus predicts a specific upcoming important event
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
A cue that has some biological significance and that naturally evokes a response
ex. Food —> saliva
Onions —> tears
Unconditioned response (UR)
The naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (production of saliva after food is presented)
Neutral stimulus
Stimulus that doesn’t elicit the unconditioned response
The concept of classical conditioning is to pair ____ with ____ ____ and present them ____, so that the ____ ____ can be evoked from ____ stimulus by itself
Neutral; Unconditioned Stimulus; Unconditioned Response; Neutral
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
A cue that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and elicits a conditioned response (CR)
Conditioned response (CR)
Trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US)
After trials of training in classical conditioning, the neutral stimulus becomes ____ ____, which then evokes the ____ ____
Conditioned stimulus; Conditioned response
Operant conditioning
Organism learns to make a response in order to obtain or avoid important consequences
In classical conditioning, organisms experience an ____ (__) regardless of whether or not they perform the ____ ____ (__)
Outcome (US); conditioned response (CR)
In operant conditioning, the outcome ____ on whether the organism performs the ____
Depends; response
Classical conditioning was studied by…
Ivan Pavlov
Operant conditioning was studied by…
Edward Thorndike (ex. How cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes)
