LearnMem3

Question 1

Brain Plasticity

Answer 1

The ability for the brain to change in structure

Question 2

Engram

Answer 2

A physical change in the brain that forms the basis of a memory

Question 3

Karl Lashley concluded from his experiments that…

Answer 3

The engram is distributed throughout the brain and not stored particularly in any one brain region

Question 4

The synapse is about ____ ____ long

Answer 4

~20 nanometers

Question 5

Dendritic spines

Answer 5

Small protruding extension of dendritic membrane

Question 6

In what ways can the brain change?

Answer 6

• Structural
• Signal transmission

Answer 7

More; longer; connections; learning

Question 8

Structural changes in the brain

Answer 8

• Dendrite length
• # of spines
• # of axon terminals

Question 9

Change in signal transmission in the brain

Answer 9

• Quantity of neurotransmitter in each vesicle
• # of vesicles available for release
• # of receptors on postsynaptic neuron
• Rate of neurotransmitter breakdown / reuptake

Question 10

Hippocampus is the brain region that plays are major role for…

Answer 10

Learning and memory

Question 11

Subregions of the hippocampus (and their pathway)

Answer 11

Entorhinal Cortex input into…
1. Dentate Gyrus
2. CA3
3. CA1
4. Subiculum
Output to the Entorhinal Cortex

Question 12

Episodic memory

Answer 12

Memory for a personal experience of specific autobiographical events
- Where, when, what
- Acquired in single exposure

Question 13

Semantic memory

Answer 13

Memory for FACTS and general knowledge about the world, including general personal information
- Can be autobiographical
- Can be acquired through single exposure or through repetition

Question 14

Episodic memory and semantic memory are both dependent on the ____ ____ lobe

Answer 14

Medial temporal

Question 15

Anterograde amnesia

Answer 15

Severe loss of the ability to form new declarative memories
- Not resulted from intellectual impairment or impaired perceptual abilities

Question 16

Retrograde amnesia

Answer 16

Loss of declarative memories acquired prior to injury/surgery
- Often temporally graded — greater loss of recent memories, spared memories from distant past

Question 17

Episodic memories are initially encoded and stored in the ____, which repeatedly send memory representation to ____ where it’s eventually stored

Answer 17

Hippocampus; Neocortex

Question 18

Which brain region is the main source of Acetylcholine to the cortical structures?

Answer 18

Basal forebrain

Question 19

Which brain region is the main source of Acetylcholine to the brainstem and cerebellum?

Answer 19

Pedunculopontine and laterodorsal regimental nuclei (near brainstem)

Question 20

High acetylcholine levels facilitate the ____ of ____ information, while low acetylcholine levels facilitate the ____ of ____ information, forming the basis of ____ ____ memory.

Answer 20

Encoding; new; consolidation; old; long term

Question 21

During high acetylcholine levels, the ____ sends signal to the ____ ____, then to the ____, which promotes storage in the third location.

Answer 21

Neocortex; entorhinal cortex; hippocampus

Question 22

During low acetylcholine levels, the route of signals is the ____ of when acetylcholine levels are high.

Answer 22

Reverse