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Med Neuro Block 3 > Motor Unit > Flashcards

Motor Unit Flashcards

1
Q

Withdraw limb from a painful stimulus
Automatically chew, swallow, breath, walk.
Automatically maintain our balance and posture

A

All functions of motor units

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2
Q

Perform complex, intricate voluntary movements like pick up a pencil; handwriting; Play piano; play golf; communicate through speech and gestures.

A

Function of motor unit

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3
Q

Voluntary motor control is the ability to

A

plan, coordinate and execute complex movements…in humans, this is incredibly sophisticated:

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4
Q

ability of humans to carry out skilled movements such as thinking and talking on a cell phone while driving a car, speaking while walking requires flexibility and skills and a _________that no other animal has.

A

motor control system

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5
Q

Sensory: Information enters sensory system through ______. Physical energy is transformed into ________ and information ascends through neural pathways (tracts) to______. Generates an internal representation of the world.

A

receptors
neural signals,
cortex

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6
Q

Motor: Programming begins in_____ and _______ and information is sent down through stages to ultimately, move muscles (effectors).

A

cortex

lower CNS levels

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7
Q

Motor processing begins with an internal representation of the _______

A

desired movement.

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8
Q

Motor control is:

A

hierarchical

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9
Q

Smaller, simpler elements at _______are integrated into more complex patterns at higher levels of the nervous system ________.

A

(at spinal cord)

brainstem, cortex

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10
Q

Successively higher levels of the motor hierarchy specify increasingly more

A

complex aspects of a motor task.

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11
Q

Motor control is :

A

parallel and redudant

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12
Q

What influences our final motor pathway (LMNs)

A

higher motor commands from brain with sensory influence

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13
Q

what are the 3 major components and levels of motor controll

A

Sp cd
Brainstem
Cortex

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14
Q

Motor areas of cortex influence the spinal cord ________ via descending systems from brainstem.

A

directly, or indirectly

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15
Q

All 3 levels are modulated by two independent subcortical structures:

A
  1. Basal ganglia

2. Cerebellum

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16
Q

The thalamus is a relay station for information from the_______ and ________ to the cortex

A

basal ganglia ⇒ cortex, and the cerebellum ⇒ cortex.

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17
Q

Caudate nuclues, putamen, globus pallidus , substantia niagra, subthalmic nucleus

A

part of BG

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18
Q

Two types of neurons in sp cd are:

A

Motor neurons in ventral horn

interneurons in intermediate zone

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19
Q

Motor neurons are in ______ and project to _______

A

ventral horn
right to muscles
these are LMNs!!!! and cause movement of body and limbs

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20
Q

LMNs are

A

motor neurons that project right to muscle and are the FINAL COMMON PATHWAY

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21
Q

motor neurons that project right to muscle and are the FINAL COMMON PATHWAY

A

LMNs

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22
Q

Interneurons are in the _______ and project to

A 
intermediate zone
motor neurons (2 types)
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23
Q

2 types of Interneurons

A

Segmental and Propriospinal

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24
Q

interneurons that project within a single spinal cord level.

A

segmental

Interneurons in intermediate zone

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25
Q

interneurons that transmit info between multiple spinal cord levels.

A

propriospinal

Interneurons in intermediate zone

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26
Q

Form circuits that help connect and coordinate motor neurons that contract groups of muscles for specific tasks

A

Interneurons

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27
Q

Interneurons fnx to

A

help connect and coordinate motor neurons that contract groups of muscles for specific tasks

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28
Q

Medial motor neurons innervate what:

A

proximal trunk, axial muscles

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29
Q

Medial motor neurons fnx:

A

control balance, posture, momevent of trunk… KEY FOR CORE CONTROL

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30
Q

Lateral motor neurons innervate

A

limb muscles

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31
Q

Lateral motor neurons fnx:

A

control movement of specific limbs/digits

–> motor neurons control proximal limbs more medial and distal limbs are more lateral

32
Q

Brainstem: Modulates the action of

A

spinal motor circuits

33
Q

Motor neuron in Brain Stem:
Motor nuclei with motor neurons that ________
They are what type of motor neuron?

A

directly innervate facial muscles.

LMNs

34
Q

Lower motor neurons. (ex: Facial nucleus: Motor neurons that control muscles of facial expression; Hypoglossal nucleus: Motor neurons that controls muscles of tongue)

A

Motor neurons in the brain stem

35
Q

Modulate spinal cord: Many groups of neurons that project down and terminate on neurons in the spinal cord gray matter.

A

Upper motor neurons in brain stem

36
Q

UMNs from the brain stem project down and terminate on

A

neurons in the spinal cord gray matter

37
Q

Medial brainstem pathways:
There are 3 of them
Tracts are named based on origin and end points.

A

Reticulospinal, Vestibulospinal, Tectospinal tracts.

38
Q

Tracts descend in medial ventral white matter and terminate in the ventromedial area of the ventral spinal cord. Influence axial, proximal muscles.

A

Medial brainstem patwhays

39
Q

Medial brainstem pathways: reticulospinal, vestibulospinal and tectospinal provide:

A

Provides basic postural control system upon which the cortical motor areas can organize more highly differentiated movement.

40
Q

Lateral brainstem pathways:

A

Rubrospinal tract (Red nucleus ⇒ spinal cord).

41
Q

Rubtospinal Tract descends in _______and terminates in the __________

A

dorsolateral white matter

dorsolateral area of the ventral spinal cord.

42
Q

Influence motor neurons that control distal muscles of limbs. ** Modulate goal-directed limb movements like reaching and manipulating.

A

Rubrospinal tract

43
Q

Rubrospinal tract functions:

A

influence motor neurons controlling distal musles of limbs

modulates GOAL DIRECTED movements like reaching an manipulating

44
Q

MOdulates action of motorneurons in brainstem and sp cd (top of heirarchy)

A

Cerebral cortex

45
Q

By sending descending commands to motor neurons in sp cd and brainstem, the cerebral cortex gives us the ability to:

A

organize complex motor acts and execute fine movements with precision.

46
Q

Functions of the primary motor neurons

A

executes commands to motor neurons
coordinates force and direction of mvmt
contains somatotopic map of body (CONTRALATERAL)

47
Q

executes commands to motor neurons
coordinates force and direction of mvmt
contains somatotopic map of body (CONTRALATERAL)

A

Primary Motor Neurons

48
Q

Supplementary motor area is important in:

A

Important in internally-driven, will-driven movements…formulate an intention to make a movement.

49
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

regulates incoming sensory info in the dorsal horn (info from medial lemniscus and anterolateral tracts)

50
Q

Posterior parietal cortex will

A

help localize where object is with respect to body and helps motor system coordinate reaching in right direction for an object

51
Q

Flex left index finger and see increase in BF in the:

A

Primary motor cortex area on the right side

52
Q

Rapidly touch each finger of left hand to thumb, you see increase in BF in:

A

the RIGHT primary motor cortex AND

the LEFT and RIGHT supplementary areas (lots of increase)

53
Q

Why do we see increase in blood flow to Supplementary Motor Area in both sides of the body when we rapidly touch each finger of left hand to thumb

A

because this area is under BILATERAL control

54
Q

Where do we see increase of blood flow when we mentally reherese complex finger tapping?

A

See mild increase of blood in supplementary motor are on both sides

55
Q

area key in planning complex, internally generated movements

A

Supplementary motor area

56
Q

The cerebral cortex acts on motor neurons via two descending pathways:

A

1) Lateral corticospinal tract-contralateral limb, digits; goal-directed reaching
2) Ventral corticospinal tract-neck, trunk muscles; postural control

57
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract fnxs

A

-contralateral limb, digits; goal-directed reaching

58
Q

Ventral corticospinal tract fnxs

A

neck, trunk muscles; postural control

59
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract descends in the ________ and terminates in the ______

A

dorsolateral white matter

lateral ventral horn

60
Q

Ventralcorticospinal tract descends in_______ and ends in______

A

ventromedial white matter

medial ventral horn

61
Q

Lower neural structures are concerned with more ______

while complex, voluntary neuromuscular tasks require ________

A

simple tasks
higher order brain structures

***Concept of Heirarchy

62
Q

Concept of heirachically arranche motor systems benefits

A

fast and automatic reflex, congnitive motor activites take more time, E and neural processing, and we preserve cortex for more complicated tasks

63
Q

Different systems operate in_______.

A

parallel

64
Q

Parallel motor pathways exist between the______ and spinal cord (corticospinal tracts) and the_______ and spinal cord (brainstem tracts).

A

cortex

brainstem

65
Q

Benefits of redundancy

A

When cortical, brainstem or spinal cord lesions occur, alternative pathways can partially compensate and carry out motor tasks such that person can still have basic motor functions. Redundancy gives flexibility and plasticity after injury.

66
Q

Somatotopic organization exists at

A

each level of the motor pathway

67
Q

simple, involuntary coordinated patterns of muscle contraction and relaxation evoked by peripheral stimuli.

A

Reflex movements:

68
Q

Reflex movements involve the:

A

Involve spinal cord, motor neurons, sensory neurons, sometimes brainstem neurons.

69
Q

What is the importance of reflexes?

A

Higher level motor control systems make use of simple reflex circuitry to coordinate muscles during complex, purposeful movements.
2) Reflexes are tested clinically to diagnose level of lesions/damage.

70
Q

more complex, flexible than reflexes. Involve brainstem, spinal cord, motor neurons.

A

Automatic postural adjustments:

71
Q

Automatic postural adjustments involve

A

brainstem, sp c and motor neurons

72
Q

If you are tipping on a boat…what type of movement helps you stay upright

A

autonomic postural movements

73
Q

Autonomic Postural adjustments:

Info about your posture is conveyed by _______ (inner ears) to midbrain.

A

vestibular system

74
Q

Atuonmic Postural Adjustments:

Descending motor pathways from brainstem to spinal cord and motor neurons make a

A

compensatory shift in mass to your maintain balance.

75
Q

Organized around a purposeful act… movements are goal directed and flexible

A

Voluntary movements

76
Q

What is involved in voluntary movements

A

cerebral cortex, brainstem, sp cd and motor neurons

77
Q

Voluntary movements will improve with practice because

A

Nervous system learns to anticipate and correct for envirnonmental obstacles

Med Neuro Block 3 (9 decks)

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