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Med Neuro Block 3 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

BG is Embryologically derived mainly from the_______. Components of it are also derived from the

A

telencephalon

diencephalon and the mesencephalon.

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2
Q

Location of BG

A

Located beneath the cerebral cortex and lateral to the dorsal thalamus

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3
Q

Striatum or neostriatum is composed of

A
  • Caudate nucleus

* Putamen

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4
Q

Globus pallidus or paleostriatum made of;

A
  • external or lateral segment (GPe)

* internal or medial segment (GPi)

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5
Q

Putamen and Globus Pallidus together are also known as the

A

lentiform or lenticular nucleus

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6
Q

Substantia nigra (in the midbrain) has two parts:

A
  • pars compacta (SNc; dorsal): dopaminergic

* pars reticulata (SNr; ventral): GABAergic

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7
Q

pars compacta (SNc; dorsal) is

A

dopaminergic

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8
Q

pars reticulata (SNr; ventral) is

A

GABAergic

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9
Q

Nucleus accumbens is also the

A

Ventral striatum

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10
Q

Arterial supply of BG
Anterior cerebral artery–>
Middle cerebral artery–>
Posterior communicating artery

A

ACA–>medial staite artery

MIddle cerebral artery–> lateral striate and anterior choriodal artery

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11
Q

The Cortex NT

A

glutamate

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12
Q

The straitum (caudate and putamen) have these NTs

A

Ach, GABA, substance P, enkephalin

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13
Q

DIRECT PATHWAY:

A

The Striatum inhibits the inhibitory output from GPi and SNr to the Thalamus. Thus, the Thalamus is disinhibited (released from the inhibitory influence of GPi and SNr, i.e., excited), so it can excite the Cortex. Thus, MOVEMENT IS FACILITATED.

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14
Q

Direct Pathway: The Striatum_______ the inhibitory output from GPi and SNr to the Thalamus. Thus, the Thalamus is______ (released from the inhibitory influence of GPi and SNr, i.e., excited), so it can_____ the Cortex. Thus, MOVEMENT IS________.

A

inhibits
disinhibited
excite
FACILITATED

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15
Q

INDIRECT PATHWAY:

A

This pathway involves GPe and the Subthalamic nucleus (hence, Indirect). The Striatum inhibits the inhibitory output from GPe to the Subthalamic nucleus. The Subthalamic nucleus (released from the inhibitory influence of GPe) can excite the GPi and SNr to INHIBIT the Thalamus. The inhibited Thalamus is less able to excite the Cortex, so MOVEMENT IS INHIBITED

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16
Q

This pathway involves _________(hence, Indirect). The Striatum_______ the inhibitory output from GPe to the Subthalamic nucleus. The Subthalamic nucleus (released from the inhibitory influence of GPe) can_____ the GPi and SNr to________ the Thalamus. The inhibited Thalamus is less able to excite the Cortex, so _________

A 
GPe and the Subthalamic nucleus 
 inhibits
excite
INHIBIT
MOVEMENT IS INHIBITED
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17
Q

Nigrostriatal pathway:
NT?
facilitates movement by acting on

A

dopaminergic;

both direct and indirect pathways.

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18
Q

Dopamine affects

A

2 different types of output neurons in the striatum:

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19
Q

Neurons with D1 dopamine receptors:

A
  • Involved in exciting the Direct Pathway

* Hence, facilitate movement

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20
Q
  • Involved in exciting the Direct Pathway

* Hence, facilitate movement

A

D1 dopamine receptors

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21
Q

Neurons with D2 dopamine receptors:

A
  • Involved in inhibiting the Indirect Pathway (which inhibits movement) i.e., inhibiting the inhibitory pathway
  • Inhibiting the inhibitory pathway leads to disinhibition of the thalamus
  • Facilitate movement
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22
Q
  • Involved in inhibiting the Indirect Pathway (which inhibits movement) i.e., inhibiting the inhibitory pathway
  • Inhibiting the inhibitory pathway leads to disinhibition of the thalamus
  • Facilitate movement
A

D2 dopamine receptors

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23
Q

D2 dopamine
• Involved in______ the Indirect Pathway (which inhibits movement) i.e., inhibiting the inhibitory pathway
• Inhibiting the inhibitory pathway leads to________ of the thalamus
•________ movement

A

inhibiting
disinhibition
Facilitate

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24
Q

end result of dopamine on both the Direct and Indirect pathways is the

A

FACILITATION OF MOVEMENT.

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25
Q

_______is the neurotransmitter of intrinsic neurons in the striatum.

A

Acetylcholine

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26
Q

Do cholingergic neurons project outside of the striatum

A

nope

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27
Q

They inhibit striatal neurons of the Direct Pathway

A

cholinergic neurons in striatum

28
Q

Affect of cholinergic neurons in striatum on Indirect pathway

A

They excite striatal neurons of the Indirect Pathway

29
Q

effects result in the INHIBITION OF MOVEMENT.

A

Aceytycholine

30
Q

Cholinergic neurons in the striatum: effects result in the

A

INHIBITION OF MOVEMENT

31
Q

Extrinsic inputs to the basal ganglia terminate mainly in the

A

striatum.

32
Q

Where do extrinsic inputs to BG come from

A 
cerebral cortex (motor, sensory, association and limbic)~ topologically organized
Intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus: also topographically organized
33
Q

Extrinsic outputs from the basal ganglia arise mainly from

A

globus pallidus and substantia nigra, pars reticulate (SNr).

34
Q

Extrinsic outputs from the basal ganglia arise mainly from the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, pars reticulate (SNr). Both of them are_____.

A

GABAergic

35
Q

Extrinsic outputs from the basal ganglia arise mainly from the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, pars reticulate (SNr). Both of them are GABAergic. They project to:

A
  • Motor nuclei of the thalamus

* Superior colliculus of the midbrain

36
Q

3 connection within the BG

A

Striatum (caudate and putamen)
Subthalmic nucuels
substantia niagra

37
Q

How is the Basal ganglia involved in regulation of movement

A

Involved in the regulation of movement: through direct and indirect connections with the cerebral cortex, the basal ganglia influence descending motor systems

38
Q

What role does the BG have in the extrapyramidal motor system?

A

Forms the major component of the extrapyramidal motor system; however, there is extensive interconnections and cooperation between the extrapyramidal and the pyramidal systems in the control of movement.

39
Q

Three general functions of the BG?

A

Involved in the control of eye movements and in the memory of orientation in space.
Contributes to cognition.
Related to limbic functions.

40
Q

Disorders of the basal ganglia is usually a disruption of

A

transmitter metabolism

41
Q

Abnormal movements are commonly caused by a release of the system from

A

inhibition

42
Q

Symptoms of BG dysfunction

A

Involuntary movements: tremor at rest, athetosis, chorea, ballism, and dystonia
Akinesia and bradykinesia
Changes in posture and muscle tone
Muscle rigidity

43
Q

Degeneration of dopaminergic cells in SNc

• Tremor at rest, rigidity, and bradykinesia

A

Parkinsons Diseaese

44
Q

Parkinsons is degeneration of __________ in the __________

A

dopaminergic

SNc

45
Q

Degeneration of cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the striatum

A

Huntingtons

46
Q

Genetics of Huntingtons

A

inherited; mutation in chromosome 4 causes numerous CAG repeats (encodes for glutamine)

47
Q

symptoms of Huntingtons

A

Chorea, athetosis, and dystonia

48
Q

Tardive dyskinesia:

A
  • Results from long term use of antipsychotic agents, which block dopamine transmission
  • Involuntary movements, especially of the face and tongue
49
Q

long term use of anti-psychotics that block dopamine transmission can cause

A

tardive dyskenesia

50
Q

Tardive dyskinesia usually affects

A

face and tongue (get involuntary movements)

51
Q

Hemiballismus:

A
  • Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus

* Violent “ball-throwing” movements of the contralateral arm

52
Q

Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus

A

Hemiballismus

53
Q
  • Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus

* Violent “ball-throwing” movements of the contralateral arm

A

Hemiballismus

54
Q

Cerebellum has______ input from the spinal cord

BG has -_____

A

Direct

None

55
Q

Cerebellum and BG have ______direct output to the spinal cord

A

no

56
Q

Connections with the brain stem

A

Cerebellum

57
Q
  • Connects with and part of it is in the brain stem
A

BG

58
Q

Cerebellum has _____ Input from the cortex

BG has _____ _input from the cortex

A

indirect

Direct

59
Q

Both Cerebellum and BG projects via______ to the cortex

A

thalamus

60
Q

Output from cerebellum is ________

Output from BG is _______

A

Excitatory

inhibitory

61
Q

Coordinates execution of movements: compares intended with executed

A

cerebellum

62
Q

Planning and execution of complex motor strategies: amplitude & velocity of movements

A

BG

63
Q

Cerebellar Lesion:______ symptoms

BG Lesion:

A

ipsilateral
often contralateral symptoms, but can
be bilateral

64
Q

Symptoms associated with Cerebellar lesion:

A

Ataxia, impaired balance, intentional tremor

65
Q

Symptoms associated with BG lesion

A

Too much or too little movements, tremor at rest

Med Neuro Block 3 (9 decks)

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