Motor skills/learning Flashcards
what are the four common characteristics of motor skills?
-there is a goal to achieve
-performed voluntarily
-body and/or limb movement
-needs to be learned
what is a gross motor skill?
involves large muscles where precision is not important
what is a fine motor skill?
requires control of small muscles to achieve a goal and requires a high degree of precision
what is a discrete motor skill?
a skill having clearly defined beginning and end points
what is an example of a discrete motor skill?
-flipping a light switch
-kicking a ball
-throwing a dart
what is a serial motor skill?
a series of discrete motor skills performed in a specific order
what is an example of a serial motor skill?
-gymnastics routine
-tennis serve
what is a continuous motor skill?
a skill that has no obvious beginning and end points
what is an example of a continuous motor skills?
-swimming
-jogging
what is a closed motor skill?
a skill performed in a stable and predictable environment (object waits to be acted on by performer)
what is an example of a closed motor skill?
tennis serve
what is an open motor skill?
a skill performed in an unpredictable environment (performer needs to react)
what is an example of an open motor skill?
tennis rally
what is a performance outcome measure?
measures the outcome or result of performing a motor skill
what is an example of a performance outcome measure?
-reaction time
-amount of error
-movement time
what is a performance process measure?
measures how aspects of the motor system are functioning during performance
what is an example of a performance process measure?
-muscles used
-joint angles
-nervous system activity
what is reaction time?
the time interval between the presentation of a signal and the initiation of a movement
what is simple reaction time?
one signal, one response (a sprinter reacting to a starting gun)
what is choice reaction time?
more than one signal, each with its own response (goalie having to decide where free kick will go)
what is discrimination reaction time?
more than one signal, one response (A basketball player responding only when their coach calls a specific play, ignoring other sounds)
what is premotor time?
the time between signal and first change in muscle activity
what is motor time?
time between first EMG activity and observable movement
what is an example of pre motor time?
Player sees the ball leave the server’s racket, processes the direction and speed, and decides to move.
what is an example of motor time?
Once the decision is made, leg and arm muscles activate, leading to the first steps or swing.
what is movement time?
the time interval between the start of a movement and its completion (100m sprint)
what us absolute error?
the estimate of overall size of the error
what is constant error?
provides information on overall direction of error
what is variable error?
standard deviation of performance
what are kinematics?
motion qualities without regard to force (displacement, velocity, acceleration)
what are kinetics?
various internal and external forces acting on the body
what is electromyography?
electrical activity in the muscle
what is coordination?
spatial and temporal relationships of limb segments
what performance process measures are seen in a ballet spin?
coordination, displacement and acceleration
what performance process measures are seen in pole vault?
acceleration, velocity, internal + external force, coordination
how does the information processing model work?
- sensory system detects environmental info
- perceptual system organizes and classifies info
- memory encodes and stores info
- processor integrates perceptual memory information and makes a decision
- response organization and effector mechanism send appropriate motor commands to muscles
what are the 3 layers of the eye?
sclera, choroid, retina
what senses colour in the eye?
cones
where is the highest concentration of cones found?
fovea centralis
rods and cones synapse with what?
bipolar cells
bipolar cells synapse with what?
ganglion cells
the axons of the ganglion cells form what?
optic nerve
light rays are refracted and bent as they pass through what?
cornea, pupil and lens
what is the function of the sclera?
maintain the shape of the eye
what is the iris?
a muscle
what do the aqueous and vitreous humor do?
refract light rays
what does the sclera do?
maintains shape of the eye
what does the choroid do?
contains blood vessels that nourish the eye
what does the retina do?
where the image of the optical system is formed
what does the cornea do?
gathers and focuses light
what does the pupil do?
hole in the iris that light filters through
what does the iris do?
controls size of pupil and amount of light entering the eye
what does the lens do?
bends the light entering the eye
what does the aqueous humour do?
watery fluid in small chamber behind cornea
what does the vitreous humour do?
watery fluid in large chamber of eye
what do rods do?
detect intensity of light
what do cones do?
detect colour of light
what is the fovea centralis?
densely packed photoreceptors
what is the optic nerve?
bundle of axons of the retinal ganglion cells as they exit the eye
what is the occipital lobe?
primary visual processing centre at the rear portion of the brain
what is performance?
observable behaviour
what is learning?
must be inferred from behaviour
how do we know learning has occurred?
-change over time
-more consistent performance
-change is relatively permanent
what happens during the cognitive stage of learning?
-lots of errors (gross errors)
-highly variable performance
-high cognitive involvement
what happens during the associative stage of learning?
-fewer errors
-ability to detect own errors
-basic fundamentals have been learned
-decreased variability
-cognitive shift to higher order components
what happens during the autonomous stage of learning?
-skill becomes automatic
-little error
-detect and correct errors
what is transfer of learning?
the influence of having a previously practiced skill on the learning of a new skill
what is positive transfer?
when the experience with a previous skill facilitates the learning of a new skill
what is an example of positive transfer?
speed skating to hockey
what is negative transfer?
when the experience with a previous skill interferes with the learning of a new skill
what is an example of negative transfer?
baseball to cricket
what is zero transfer?
when the experience with a previous skill has no effect on the learning of a new skill
what is an example of zero transfer?
swimmer playing piano
when is positive transfer most likely?
-when components of skills are similar (soccer and field goal kicking)
-similarities in the learning process (same decision making required)
when is negative transfer most likely?
-changes in spatial location (run to 3rd base instead of 1st)
-changes in timing (writing name with different timing)
how do you promote transfer?
-contextual interference (practice different skills in one session)
-vary type of practice (punting football with and against wind)
-reduce frequency of feedback (ability to detect and correct own errors)
what is task complexity?
number of parts in the task and the information processing demands
what is task organization?
how the components are interrelated
when should you do part practice?
when skill is high in complexity and low in organization
when should you do whole practice?
when the skill is low in complexity but high in organization
what is blocked practice?
task is practiced many times before next task
what is random practice?
ordering of tasks is randomized during practice
what conditions should remain constant during closed skills?
regulatory (size of hoop, height of bar)
what conditions should be varied during closed skills?
non-regulatory (crowd noise, fatigue)
what conditions should be varied during open skills?
regulatory (patterns of receivers, size of defenders) and non-regulatory (crowd noise, fatigue)
what is augmented feedback?
information about performance that comes from an outside source
what is knowledge of results?
information about the outcome
what is knowledge of performance?
information about the production of movement pattern
what is the purpose of augmented feedback?
-provides info for error identification and correction
-acts as a form of reinforcement
-serves to motivate learner
what is prescriptive verbal KP?
identifies error and tells learned how to correct
what is descriptive verbal KP?
describes error made
what is faded feedback?
when a coach or instructor gives a lot of feedback at the start of learning a new skill, but then gradually reduces it as the athlete becomes more skilled and confident.
what is bandwidth feedback?
when feedback is only given if the performance falls outside a set acceptable range (or “bandwidth”) of correctness.
what is summary feedback?
Instead of giving feedback after each repetition, the coach or instructor waits until the athlete has completed several trials, then provides a summary of their performance.
