Motor Learning: Special Populations Flashcards
what is the best (one-word) example of explicit memory
facts
explicit memory involves knowledge of…
knowledge of associations
verbal expressions, writing down of ideas, describing details describes…
explicit learning
what is the best (one-word) description for implicit memory
automatic
implicit memory is ____ in nature
habitual
does implicit memory require conscious/executive control
no
explicit memory is ___ recalled
consciously recalled
what does explicit memory require
awareness/attention/reflection
explicit memory is a _____ process
cognitive
what does the therapist provide in explicit learning
instructions on how to perform task
implicit memory is ____ learning
unintentional
in implicit memory, ____ are learned
schemas
what does the therapist promote in implicit learning
instructions on how to perform task
what is Alzheimer Disease (AD)
progressive degenerative dementia
what is the most common cause of dementia
Alzheimer Disease (AD)
what will be the rate of Alzheimer Disease (AD) in 2050
1 in 85
what is the definitive cause of Alzheimer Disease (AD)
unknown
Alzheimer Disease (AD) is associated with…
senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in brain
in Alzheimer Disease (AD), what happens to the synthesis of NT
decrease synthesis
in Alzheimer Disease (AD), what happens to beta-amyloid deposits
they are present
in Alzheimer Disease (AD), what happens to myelin
breaks down in brain
what are risk factors for Alzheimer Disease (AD)
age and genetics
in Alzheimer Disease (AD), what does the loss of neurons and synapses in cerebral cortex and subcortical regions lead to
atrophy
what part of the brain can be affected in Alzheimer Disease (AD)
hippocampus
in Alzheimer Disease (AD), do symptoms vary in severity
yes
four stages of Alzheimer Disease (AD)
- pre-dementia
- early AD
- moderate AD
- advanced AD
what is involved in the pre-demential phase of Alzheimer Disease (AD)
- decline in executive function
2. remember recent events
what is the early stage of Alzheimer Disease (AD)
- confusion
2. irritability/mood swings
what is the moderate stage of Alzheimer Disease (AD)
- language difficulties
2. motor tasks (fine and gross)
what is the advanced stage of Alzheimer Disease (AD)
- LTM
2. decline in functional abilities
are patients with dementia/AD able to re-learn skills
YUP (but more than likely have to be in pre-dementia/early/sometimes moderate
for Alzheimer Disease (AD), skills mastered without awareness by repeated exposure describes what kind of learning
implicit
for Alzheimer Disease (AD), what kind of learning can be unconsciously recalled
implicit
for Alzheimer Disease (AD), what should be present in implicit learning
modeling
for Alzheimer Disease (AD), what improved learning pace
visual feedback
patients with Alzheimer Disease (AD) are able to learn skills using what kind of learning
explicitly and implicitly
for Alzheimer Disease (AD), is constant or variable practice better
constant
people with Alzheimer Disease (AD) do not rely on ____ memory
episodic
what should not be present in people with Alzheimer Disease (AD)
dual tasks
for people with Alzheimer Disease (AD), what can be created for consistent movements
generalized motor program
for people with Alzheimer Disease (AD), constant practice leads to…
retention of skills up to one month following training
for Alzheimer Disease (AD), is massed or distributed more important
not sure yet
for Alzheimer Disease (AD), is part or whole training better
part more beneficial for tasks that can be naturally divided into sub-parts
for Alzheimer Disease (AD), what feedback is beneficial in motor learning
visual
with decreased visibility in patients with Alzheimer Disease (AD), what happened to performance
decreased
for Alzheimer Disease (AD), is KP or KR better
not sure
patients with down syndrome have a smaller ______
cerebellum
patients with down syndrome have a ____ dysfunction
hippocampus
patients with down syndrome are seemingly “_____”
clumsy
patients with down syndrome muscle tone
hypotonic
what do patients with down syndrome do to perform movements (novel tasks)
co-contraction patterns
patients with down syndrome have difficulty modulation actions under…
changing conditions
patients with down syndrome have ___ synchronization
time
patients with down syndrome have increased/decreased? exploration of movement
decreased
patients with down syndrome have diminished…
memory
do patients with down syndrome have increased or decreased reaction time
increased
for patients with down syndrome, what does increased RT lead to
decreased IP
patients with down syndrome perceive speech with (__) hemisphere
right
patients with down syndrome organize/control movement with (___) hemisphere
left
what kind of motor learning do patients with down syndrome have difficulty with
verbal motor learning
for patients with down syndrome, _____ feedback improves motor performance
visual
for patients with down syndrome, _____ feedback worsens performance
verbal
for patients with down syndrome, ______ feedback enhanced learning
self-controlled
knowledge of _____ improved performance and coordination in patients with down syndrome
knowledge of results
patients with down syndrome benefit more from ___ learning and benefit less from ___ learning
- implicit good
- explicit bad
Blocked or random:
patients with down syndrome have better learning among retention tasks with ____ learning
random
_____ practice helped patients with down syndrome
massed
what disease is a chronic, degenerative disease of the CNS due to deficiency of dopamine
parkinson’s
what percent of people over 55 experience parkinsons
1% over 55
_____ motor learning is good for patients with parkinson’s
implicit
patients with parkinson’s may benefit from…
cueing
for patients with parkinson’s, ____ practice may promote greater retention of learning
self-controlled
for patients with parkinson’s, ____ practice improved performance
blocked
______ cues may reduce bradykinesia in patients with parkinson’s
visual
what is a unique thing that patients with parkinson’s benefit from
external rhythmical cues
for patients with parkinson’s (regarding external rhythmical cues), what does increased walking speed and step length lead to
promote acquisition, automaticity, and retention
for patients with parkinson’s, what led to decreased episodes of freezing by 80%
external rhythmical cues
patients with parkinsons benefited from knowledge of___
results
what is the most common motor disorder in children
cerebral palsy
in the retention and transfer phase, improvements can be attributed to ____ feedback for patients with cerebral palsy
self-controlled feedback
what kind of practice helped patients with cerebral palsy
mental practice
