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Motor Control (Fall 2016) CP > Information Processing > Flashcards

Information Processing Flashcards

1
Q

what does IP stand for

A

Information Processing

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2
Q

what theories of IP are founding in psychology

A
  • cognitive approaches

- ecological approaches

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3
Q

for ecological approaches, what is the research focused on

A

how motor systems interact most effectively with the environment to perform a goal oriented behavior

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4
Q

what approach is “perception”

A

ecological approach

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5
Q

for ecological approaches, organization of motor output is specific to…

A

task and environment

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6
Q

what is the cognitive approach

A

humans interact with the environment as processors of information

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7
Q

for the cognitive approach:

____, _____, _____ and _____ information

A

code, store, retrieve, and transformation information

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8
Q

for the cognitive approach, what needs to happen to environmental stimuli

A

receive, recognize, and identify environmental stimuli

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9
Q

in the cognitive approach, what does receiving, recognizing, and identifying environmental stimuli allow for

A

select and execute planned actions

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10
Q

what approach is involved with processing via series of “systems”

A

cognitive

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11
Q

what systems are included with the cognitive approach

A

attention, perception, short-term memory

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12
Q

how do the systems play into the cognitive approach

A

they transform/alter information systematically

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13
Q

IP in humans resembles…

A

computers

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14
Q

how would a human process information like a computer

A
  • information presented combines with stored information

- central processor of limited capacity

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15
Q

what are the general stages of informational processing (6)

A
  • define the task
  • evaluate starting conditions
  • select a plan
  • generate movement instructions
  • monitor outcome
  • storage of motor memory
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16
Q

what are the two types of IP

A

series and parallel

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17
Q

what approach is perception based

A

ecological

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18
Q

what is an example of ecological approach of motor control

A

a person from Buffalo knows not to run on ice while a person from Florida would not know this (it is perception based).

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19
Q

what models are involved with serial processing

A

single channel

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20
Q

what is another word for serial processing

A

sequential processing

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21
Q

what is serial processing

A

one process is completed before the next starts

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22
Q

what type of IP processing involves processing one thing at a time

A

serial

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23
Q

what is another word for parallel processing

A

simultaneous

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24
Q

what models are involved for parallel processing

A

multi-channel or multiple resource models

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25
Q

what is parallel processing

A

some or all processes occur at same time

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26
Q

what type of IP processing involves processing more than one thing at a time

A

parallell

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27
Q

what are the three stages of IP

A
  • stimulus identification
  • response selection
  • response programming
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28
Q

what do the three phases of IP (stimulus identification, response selection, and response programming) equate to

A

reaction time

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29
Q

what is reaction time

A

the combination of the three stages of IP (stimulus identification, response selection, response programming)

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30
Q

is the stimulus (input) part of reaction time

A

no

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31
Q

what is reaction time

A

the time it takes to react to a certain stimulus

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32
Q

what is the process involving the three stages of IP start to finish

A
  1. ) stimulus (input)
  2. ) stimulus identification
  3. ) response selection
  4. ) response programming
  5. ) movement (output)
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33
Q

what is the stimulus identification phase

A

detection of sensory stimuli and neural encoding of sensory information

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34
Q

what type of stimuli are involved with stimulus identification (5)

A 
visual
auditory
kinesthetic
proprioception
touch
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35
Q

do the stimuli received during stimulus identification usually act in isolation

A

no, very rarely

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36
Q

what must the stimulus be recognized as

A

a pattern

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37
Q

what are the two substages of stimulus identification

A

stimulus detection

pattern recognition

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38
Q

what is stimulus detection

A

environmental stimuli is processed at different levels until memory is contacted

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39
Q

in the stimulus detection phase, what can affect reaction time (4)

A

stimulus clarity
intensity
modality
complexity

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40
Q

what is the pattern recognition subgroup of stimulus identification

A

humans decipher pattern from stimuli in both static and dynamic situations

41
Q

true/false:

Patterns are genetically defined or learned

42
Q

what is a pattern based off of

A

previous experience

43
Q

in the pattern recognition subgroup of stimulus identification, what is an example of a static situation

A

seeing someone in the hall and recognizing them

44
Q

in the pattern recognition subgroup of stimulus identification, what is an example of a dynamic situation

A

being aware of how much time there is at a yellow light

45
Q

what question is associated with the response selection phase

A

what motor response should be executed?

46
Q

in the response selection stage, what is processing time affected by

A
  • number of stimulus response (SR) choices

- stimulus response compatibility

47
Q

what does SR stand for

A

stimulus response

48
Q

what law involves the number of stimulus response choices

A

Hick’s Law

49
Q

what law involves stimulus response compatibility

A

Fitt’s Law

50
Q

what is the stimulus response compatibility portion of the response selection stages strengthened by

A

learned association

51
Q

if the stimulus is compatible, will RT be shorter or longer

52
Q

in the response selection stage, what is processing time affected by

A

practice

predictability

53
Q

in a graph of Hick’s Law, what is the relationship between reaction time (y) and number of choices (x)

A

linear increase

54
Q

“The more choices you have, the longer it takes to decide on each one” describes what law

A

Hick’s Law

55
Q

in a graph of Fitt’s Law, what is the relationship between reaction time (y) and amount of info to process (y)

A

linear positive

56
Q

“The more information you have to process, the longer it takes to decide on a strategy” describes what law

57
Q

what is the response programming stage

A

the organization and initiation of action response

58
Q

what is the final set of processes for “communication” with environment

A

response programming stage

59
Q

what was the Henry-Rodgers experiment

A
  • increased complexity of response to program, which increased reaction time
60
Q

what did we learn from the Henry-Rodgers experiment

A

more time to program movements, increased accuracy demand, longer movement durations

61
Q

what are the factors that affect response programming

A
  • # of movement parts
  • movement accuracy
  • movement duration
62
Q

what does anticipation do to reaction time

A

decreases RT

63
Q

what are the three ways to anticipate

A
  • receptor
  • effector
  • perceptual
64
Q

what is the receptor portion of anticipation

A

ability to receive stimulus (watch, listen, etc.)

65
Q

what is the effector portion of anticipation

A

able to tell how long it will take to do something

66
Q

what is the perceptual portion of anticipation

A

predicting something based off prior experience

67
Q

what is spatial (event) anticipation

A

anticipation of TYPE of stimulus present and what subsequent response would be required

68
Q

what is another name for spatial anticipation

69
Q

what does spatial anticipation allow for

A

allows some response programming before stimulus has arrived

70
Q

what does allowing some response programming before the stimulus has arrived allow for

A

decreased reaction time

71
Q

in general terms, what is spatial (event) anticipation

A

one movement can be planned while another is executed

72
Q

what is temporal anticipation

A

anticipation of WHEN stimulus will arrive

73
Q

what does the anticipation of WHEN stimulus will arrive do to RT

74
Q

what is a crucial factor in temporal anticipation

A

foreperiods

75
Q

what are foreperiods

A

period of time prior to stimulus onset

76
Q

what are the two main types of foreperiods

A

constant and variable

77
Q

what types of foreperiods have the have the shortest reaction time

A

constant and short

78
Q

what are the implications of anticipation

A

cost-benefit analysis (task dependent)

79
Q

what are the two main types of IP

A

controlled and automatic

80
Q

in automatic IP, what happens in response to a stimulus

A

neurons activate

81
Q

in automatic IP, what does well learned sequence require

A

limited attention/processing (volitional)

82
Q

is automatic or controlled IP faster

83
Q

does automatic or controlled IP involve greater capactiy

84
Q

what type of IP is parallel in nature

85
Q

what does controlled IP require

A

selective attention

86
Q

is controlled IP well learned

A

no, it is a slow process

87
Q

what type of IP is serial in nature

A

controlled

88
Q

what are three things that impact information processing

A

arousal
anxiety
attention

89
Q

what system is used to describe arousal and IP for performance

A

inverted U principle

90
Q

what is the inverted u principle

A

optimal level of arousal for each task

91
Q

what is the optimal arousal for performance and IP in the inverted U principle

A

the middle, half-way between low and high arousal

92
Q

what is trait anxiety

A

when each individual begins with anxiety

93
Q

what is another phrase for perceptual narrowing

A

tunnel vision

94
Q

what is perceptual narrowing

A

increase arousal for stimuli related to task vs. irrelevant stimuli

95
Q

perceptual narrowing involves a decreased…

A

decreased ability to perceive stimuli outside the primary focus

96
Q

what two systems are used for IP under high arousal

A

perceptual narrowing and hypervigilance/panic

97
Q

what is hypervigilence/panic

A

severe stress conditions which lead to severely disrupted actions

98
Q

what is a word that is associated with hypervigilence/panic

Motor Control (Fall 2016) CP (6 decks)

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