Information Processing

Question 1

what does IP stand for

Answer 1

Information Processing

Question 2

what theories of IP are founding in psychology

Answer 2

• cognitive approaches

- ecological approaches

Question 3

for ecological approaches, what is the research focused on

Answer 3

how motor systems interact most effectively with the environment to perform a goal oriented behavior

Question 4

what approach is “perception”

Answer 4

ecological approach

Question 5

for ecological approaches, organization of motor output is specific to…

Answer 5

task and environment

Question 6

what is the cognitive approach

Answer 6

humans interact with the environment as processors of information

Question 7

for the cognitive approach:

____, _____, _____ and _____ information

Answer 7

code, store, retrieve, and transformation information

Question 8

for the cognitive approach, what needs to happen to environmental stimuli

Answer 8

receive, recognize, and identify environmental stimuli

Question 9

in the cognitive approach, what does receiving, recognizing, and identifying environmental stimuli allow for

Answer 9

select and execute planned actions

Question 10

what approach is involved with processing via series of “systems”

Answer 10

cognitive

Question 11

what systems are included with the cognitive approach

Answer 11

attention, perception, short-term memory

Question 12

how do the systems play into the cognitive approach

Answer 12

they transform/alter information systematically

Question 13

IP in humans resembles…

Answer 13

computers

Question 14

how would a human process information like a computer

Answer 14

• information presented combines with stored information

- central processor of limited capacity

Question 15

what are the general stages of informational processing (6)

Answer 15

• define the task
• evaluate starting conditions
• select a plan
• generate movement instructions
• monitor outcome
• storage of motor memory

Question 16

what are the two types of IP

Answer 16

series and parallel

Question 17

what approach is perception based

Answer 17

ecological

Question 18

what is an example of ecological approach of motor control

Answer 18

a person from Buffalo knows not to run on ice while a person from Florida would not know this (it is perception based).

Question 19

what models are involved with serial processing

Answer 19

single channel

Question 20

what is another word for serial processing

Answer 20

sequential processing

Question 21

what is serial processing

Answer 21

one process is completed before the next starts

Question 22

what type of IP processing involves processing one thing at a time

Answer 22

serial

Question 23

what is another word for parallel processing

Answer 23

simultaneous

Question 24

what models are involved for parallel processing

Answer 24

multi-channel or multiple resource models

Question 25

what is parallel processing

Answer 25

some or all processes occur at same time

Question 26

what type of IP processing involves processing more than one thing at a time

Answer 26

parallell

Question 27

what are the three stages of IP

Answer 27

- stimulus identification - response selection - response programming

Question 28

what do the three phases of IP (stimulus identification, response selection, and response programming) equate to

Answer 28

reaction time

Question 29

what is reaction time

Answer 29

the combination of the three stages of IP (stimulus identification, response selection, response programming)

Question 30

is the stimulus (input) part of reaction time

Answer 30

no

Question 31

what is reaction time

Answer 31

the time it takes to react to a certain stimulus

Question 32

what is the process involving the three stages of IP start to finish

Answer 32

1. ) stimulus (input) 2. ) stimulus identification 3. ) response selection 4. ) response programming 5. ) movement (output)

Question 33

what is the stimulus identification phase

Answer 33

detection of sensory stimuli and neural encoding of sensory information

Question 34

what type of stimuli are involved with stimulus identification (5)

Answer 34

``` visual auditory kinesthetic proprioception touch ```

Question 35

do the stimuli received during stimulus identification usually act in isolation

Answer 35

no, very rarely

Question 36

what must the stimulus be recognized as

Answer 36

a pattern

Question 37

what are the two substages of stimulus identification

Answer 37

stimulus detection | pattern recognition

Question 38

what is stimulus detection

Answer 38

environmental stimuli is processed at different levels until memory is contacted

Question 39

in the stimulus detection phase, what can affect reaction time (4)

Answer 39

stimulus clarity intensity modality complexity

Question 40

what is the pattern recognition subgroup of stimulus identification

Answer 40

humans decipher pattern from stimuli in both static and dynamic situations

Question 41

true/false: Patterns are genetically defined or learned

Answer 41

tru

Question 42

what is a pattern based off of

Answer 42

previous experience

Question 43

in the pattern recognition subgroup of stimulus identification, what is an example of a static situation

Answer 43

seeing someone in the hall and recognizing them

Question 44

in the pattern recognition subgroup of stimulus identification, what is an example of a dynamic situation

Answer 44

being aware of how much time there is at a yellow light

Question 45

what question is associated with the response selection phase

Answer 45

what motor response should be executed?

Question 46

in the response selection stage, what is processing time affected by

Answer 46

- number of stimulus response (SR) choices | - stimulus response compatibility

Question 47

what does SR stand for

Answer 47

stimulus response

Question 48

what law involves the number of stimulus response choices

Answer 48

Hick's Law

Question 49

what law involves stimulus response compatibility

Answer 49

Fitt's Law

Question 50

what is the stimulus response compatibility portion of the response selection stages strengthened by

Answer 50

learned association

Question 51

if the stimulus is compatible, will RT be shorter or longer

Answer 51

longer

Question 52

in the response selection stage, what is processing time affected by

Answer 52

practice | predictability

Question 53

in a graph of Hick's Law, what is the relationship between reaction time (y) and number of choices (x)

Answer 53

linear increase

Question 54

"The more choices you have, the longer it takes to decide on each one" describes what law

Answer 54

Hick's Law

Question 55

in a graph of Fitt's Law, what is the relationship between reaction time (y) and amount of info to process (y)

Answer 55

linear positive

Question 56

"The more information you have to process, the longer it takes to decide on a strategy" describes what law

Answer 56

Fitt's

Question 57

what is the response programming stage

Answer 57

the organization and initiation of action response

Question 58

what is the final set of processes for "communication" with environment

Answer 58

response programming stage

Question 59

what was the Henry-Rodgers experiment

Answer 59

- increased complexity of response to program, which increased reaction time

Question 60

what did we learn from the Henry-Rodgers experiment

Answer 60

more time to program movements, increased accuracy demand, longer movement durations

Question 61

what are the factors that affect response programming

Answer 61

- # of movement parts - movement accuracy - movement duration

Question 62

what does anticipation do to reaction time

Answer 62

decreases RT

Question 63

what are the three ways to anticipate

Answer 63

- receptor - effector - perceptual

Question 64

what is the receptor portion of anticipation

Answer 64

ability to receive stimulus (watch, listen, etc.)

Question 65

what is the effector portion of anticipation

Answer 65

able to tell how long it will take to do something

Question 66

what is the perceptual portion of anticipation

Answer 66

predicting something based off prior experience

Question 67

what is spatial (event) anticipation

Answer 67

anticipation of TYPE of stimulus present and what subsequent response would be required

Question 68

what is another name for spatial anticipation

Answer 68

event

Question 69

what does spatial anticipation allow for

Answer 69

allows some response programming before stimulus has arrived

Question 70

what does allowing some response programming before the stimulus has arrived allow for

Answer 70

decreased reaction time

Question 71

in general terms, what is spatial (event) anticipation

Answer 71

one movement can be planned while another is executed

Question 72

what is temporal anticipation

Answer 72

anticipation of WHEN stimulus will arrive

Question 73

what does the anticipation of WHEN stimulus will arrive do to RT

Answer 73

decrease

Question 74

what is a crucial factor in temporal anticipation

Answer 74

foreperiods

Question 75

what are foreperiods

Answer 75

period of time prior to stimulus onset

Question 76

what are the two main types of foreperiods

Answer 76

constant and variable

Question 77

what types of foreperiods have the have the shortest reaction time

Answer 77

constant and short

Question 78

what are the implications of anticipation

Answer 78

cost-benefit analysis (task dependent)

Question 79

what are the two main types of IP

Answer 79

controlled and automatic

Question 80

in automatic IP, what happens in response to a stimulus

Answer 80

neurons activate

Question 81

in automatic IP, what does well learned sequence require

Answer 81

limited attention/processing (volitional)

Question 82

is automatic or controlled IP faster

Answer 82

automatic

Question 83

does automatic or controlled IP involve greater capactiy

Answer 83

automatic

Question 84

what type of IP is parallel in nature

Answer 84

automatic

Question 85

what does controlled IP require

Answer 85

selective attention

Question 86

is controlled IP well learned

Answer 86

no, it is a slow process

Question 87

what type of IP is serial in nature

Answer 87

controlled

Question 88

what are three things that impact information processing

Answer 88

arousal anxiety attention

Question 89

what system is used to describe arousal and IP for performance

Answer 89

inverted U principle

Question 90

what is the inverted u principle

Answer 90

optimal level of arousal for each task

Question 91

what is the optimal arousal for performance and IP in the inverted U principle

Answer 91

the middle, half-way between low and high arousal

Question 92

what is trait anxiety

Answer 92

when each individual begins with anxiety

Question 93

what is another phrase for perceptual narrowing

Answer 93

tunnel vision

Question 94

what is perceptual narrowing

Answer 94

increase arousal for stimuli related to task vs. irrelevant stimuli

Question 95

perceptual narrowing involves a decreased...

Answer 95

decreased ability to perceive stimuli outside the primary focus

Question 96

what two systems are used for IP under high arousal

Answer 96

perceptual narrowing and hypervigilance/panic

Question 97

what is hypervigilence/panic

Answer 97

severe stress conditions which lead to severely disrupted actions

Question 98

what is a word that is associated with hypervigilence/panic

Answer 98

freezing