Attention and Memory Flashcards
is there a limit to how much you can process at one time
yes
what happens when some stimuli exceed limits of attention
switch between competing sources
what happens to attention when some stimuli require prolonged periods of processing
diminished attention
what are the three dimensions of attention
focusing, shifting, sustainability
what are the two main categories of attention
selective and divided
what is difficult with selective attention
attending to more than one thing at a time
trying to attend to one stimuli/task over another requires…
selective attention
two types of selective attention
- visual selective attention
2. auditory selective attention
what type of selective attention involves Stroop task
visual
what type of selective attention involves with dichotic listening
auditory
in selective attention, what are theoretical interpretations
Bottleneck theories
theories on attention differ based on…
…when in the IP stage attention begins to decline
what is an example of single channel filter theories
bottleneck
what are single-channel filter theories
theoretical interpretation of selective attention
True/false:
there is not a fixed capacity for IP for single-channel filter theories
false… there is a fixed capacity for IP
what are two bottleneck theories (single-channel filter theories)
- Early Filter Theories (Broadbent)
2. Late FIlter Theories (Treisman)
examples of Early Filter Theories (Bottleneck)
Stroop, Dichotic Listening
example of Late Filter Theory
Cocktail Party
in general terms, what is the basis behind the bottleneck theory
many stimuli in, only one response can come out
what is the early single channel filter theory
Physical characteristics used to select one message for further processing
what happens to the other messages that could have been selected for further processing in the early single channel filter theory
lost
what does the stroop effect do
demonstrates selective attention relative to visual input
what are two conditions of stroop effect
- neutral word –> name color of print
2. color word –> name color of print
what types of processing are used in the stroop effect
automatic and controlled
where is some of the info processed in the stroop effect
in parallel in stimulus identification stage of IP
what is the mechanism of dichotic listening
two messages simultaneously
what is the listener asked to do in dichotic listening
“shadow” a message (only pay attention to one sound)
in dichotic listening, what happened with the attended ear
heard everything clearly
in dichotic listening, what happened with the non-attended ear
could tell if the voice was male or female, and if the noise was loud or soft
what are late single channel filter theories
physical characteristics are used to select one message for processing and other messages are giving partial processing
what is another word for partial processing
attenuation
what is the cocktail party phenomenon (late single channel filter theories)
some unattended stimuli processed in parallel with attended stimuli during early stimulus identification
for the cocktail party, when and how to stimuli “pass through”
process in parallel
what youtube video is the walking bear a part of
inattention blindness
what is inattention blindess
failure to see certain visual stimuli when engaged in specific search task
when else may inattention blindness be demonstrated
action events
what is divided attention
difficulty attending to more than one thing at a time
True/False:
Divided attention is trying to attend to multiple stimuli at once and make multiple responses
tru
what are the two theoretical interpretations of divided attention
capacity theories and dual task
what is a theoretical interpretation of divided attention
central resource capacity theory
what is the central resource capacity theory (of divided attention)
central reserve of resources for which all activities complete
in central resource capacity theory, is allocation attention fixed?
no, it is not fixed
three components of allocation attention
task, individual, environment
in the central resource capacity theory, can attention be placed on more than one stimulus at a time
yes
what is the definition of attention
tasks compete for resources
what types of theories think of attention as “multiple pools” of resources
multiple resource theories
True/False:
Two tasks competing for common resources perform less well don’t perform as well as two tasks competing for different resources
TRUUUUU
what happens when attention can be placed on both input and output stages simultaneously
skill
what is an example of a dual task activity
texting and driving
is texting structural or capacity interference (3)
both
what does success in performing two or more tasks at the same time depend on
- has to be meaningful
- demands of the task cannot exceed the common
- two skills require different resources
does the bottleneck occur in stimulus identification
probz not
does the bottleneck occur in response selection
probz yes
does the bottleneck occur in response programming
YEAH
what is a theory for limitations in response programming
Double Stimulation Paradigm
what is the double response paradigm
separate responses to two stimuli presented closely together
for the double stimulation paradigm, where is there interference in programming
1st and 2nd responses
what is present in the double stimulation paradigm
Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)
what is a component of the Psychological Refractory Period
“Faking”
what are the two types of Focus of Attention
Internal and External Attentional Focus
two types of performers in focus of attention
expert and novice
when is external focus used
skills that are well learned
when is internal focus used
when “getting the idea”
what does the shift toward internal performance processes lead to
regression of previous level of control
does all movement require attention
no
since attention is not required for all movements, where is attention diverted
response programming stage of future movements
what may attention do to motor movements and control
fine tune
what is a consequence of IP
memory
what is the reason that previously processed IP can affect current IP
memory
three stages of memory storage
- short term sensory store (STSS)
- short term memory (STM)
- long term memory (LTM)
what type of memory is “working memory”
short term memory
what are the two types of influences of memory
- direct
2. indirect
what is direct influence of memory
deliberate attempt to search/retrieve past experience
what is indirect influence of memory
- not a conscious recollection of memory
- motor skills
three-step process of memory storage
encoding –> storage –> retrieval
what happens if any of the three steps of memory storage fails
memory fails
what is encoding in the memory storage
information is converted for storage
what is storage in the memory storage
information is retained in memory
what is retrieval in the memory storage
information is recovered from memory when needed
what type of memory is “sensory register” (pattern matching) involved in
short term sensory store
can short term sensory store hold massive amounts of information briefly?
yes
what happens after short term sensory store hold massive amounts of information briefly
information fades (decays)
what does short term sensory store store
literal information for less than 1 second
is capacity limited in short term sensory store
no, capacity is limitless
what happens to the most useful stimuli in short term sensory store
goes to short term memory
what problems may occur in the short term sensory store (2)
- not enough info moves forward
2. too much info moves forward
what type of memory is working memory
short term memory
what is short term memory
storage system for info from STSS or LTM
what can be done with STM
active thinking and problem solving
what happens to info if not rehearsed in STM
info lost rapidly (30-60 seconds)
is capacity limited in STM
yes
what is capacity limited to in STM
7ish items
what word is associated with STM
chunking
what type of coding is present in STM
abstract coding
what are the critical phases to effective working memory in STM (3)
- getting info correctly
- handling info appropriately
- moving info correctly from STM to LTM
in STM, what happens to info from STSS
stored for processing
in STM, what happens to info going to LTM
retrieved for processing and joined with STSS info to create action plan
what stage of IP is STM related to
response selection
what happens to practiced items in LTM
they are protected and more permanently placed in LTM
does LTM have capacity and duration
limitless capacity and duration of LTM
two types of memory in LTM
- explicit
2. implicit
another word for explicit memory
declarative
another word for implicit memory
procedural
two subgroups in explicit memory
episodic and semantic
what is explicit/declarative memory
conscious recall of facts/knowledge of associations (people, place, things)
in the simplest, terms, what is explicit memory
knowing ABOUT (episodic and semantic)
what is implicit/procedural memory
automatic, habitual due to high repetition of prior experience
does implicit memory require conscious strategy to retrieve info
no
in simplest terms, what is implicit memory
know HOW to
what is effective use of LTM (2)
- transfer info accurately into LTM
2. accurately retrieve information
what is another word for transferring info accurately into LTM
encoding
two ways to accurately retrieve information
- advanced organizer
2. orienting question
what are the main constructs in preparation for motor learning
information processing, attention, memory
for an individual to learn or re-learn any given task, what needs to exist
plasticity
