Attention and Memory Flashcards
1
Q
is there a limit to how much you can process at one time
A
yes
2
Q
what happens when some stimuli exceed limits of attention
A
switch between competing sources
3
Q
what happens to attention when some stimuli require prolonged periods of processing
A
diminished attention
4
Q
what are the three dimensions of attention
A
focusing, shifting, sustainability
5
Q
what are the two main categories of attention
A
selective and divided
6
Q
what is difficult with selective attention
A
attending to more than one thing at a time
7
Q
trying to attend to one stimuli/task over another requires…
A
selective attention
8
Q
two types of selective attention
A
- visual selective attention
2. auditory selective attention
9
Q
what type of selective attention involves Stroop task
A
visual
10
Q
what type of selective attention involves with dichotic listening
A
auditory
11
Q
in selective attention, what are theoretical interpretations
A
Bottleneck theories
12
Q
theories on attention differ based on…
A
…when in the IP stage attention begins to decline
13
Q
what is an example of single channel filter theories
A
bottleneck
14
Q
what are single-channel filter theories
A
theoretical interpretation of selective attention
15
Q
True/false:
there is not a fixed capacity for IP for single-channel filter theories
A
false… there is a fixed capacity for IP
16
Q
what are two bottleneck theories (single-channel filter theories)
A
- Early Filter Theories (Broadbent)
2. Late FIlter Theories (Treisman)
17
Q
examples of Early Filter Theories (Bottleneck)
A
Stroop, Dichotic Listening
18
Q
example of Late Filter Theory
A
Cocktail Party
19
Q
in general terms, what is the basis behind the bottleneck theory
A
many stimuli in, only one response can come out
20
Q
what is the early single channel filter theory
A
Physical characteristics used to select one message for further processing
21
Q
what happens to the other messages that could have been selected for further processing in the early single channel filter theory
A
lost
22
Q
what does the stroop effect do
A
demonstrates selective attention relative to visual input
23
Q
what are two conditions of stroop effect
A
- neutral word –> name color of print
2. color word –> name color of print
24
Q
what types of processing are used in the stroop effect
A
automatic and controlled
25
where is some of the info processed in the stroop effect
in parallel in stimulus identification stage of IP
26
what is the mechanism of dichotic listening
two messages simultaneously
27
what is the listener asked to do in dichotic listening
"shadow" a message (only pay attention to one sound)
28
in dichotic listening, what happened with the attended ear
heard everything clearly
29
in dichotic listening, what happened with the non-attended ear
could tell if the voice was male or female, and if the noise was loud or soft
30
what are late single channel filter theories
physical characteristics are used to select one message for processing and other messages are giving partial processing
31
what is another word for partial processing
attenuation
32
what is the cocktail party phenomenon (late single channel filter theories)
some unattended stimuli processed in parallel with attended stimuli during early stimulus identification
33
for the cocktail party, when and how to stimuli "pass through"
process in parallel
34
what youtube video is the walking bear a part of
inattention blindness
35
what is inattention blindess
failure to see certain visual stimuli when engaged in specific search task
36
when else may inattention blindness be demonstrated
action events
37
what is divided attention
difficulty attending to more than one thing at a time
38
True/False:
Divided attention is trying to attend to multiple stimuli at once and make multiple responses
tru
39
what are the two theoretical interpretations of divided attention
capacity theories and dual task
40
what is a theoretical interpretation of divided attention
central resource capacity theory
41
what is the central resource capacity theory (of divided attention)
central reserve of resources for which all activities complete
42
in central resource capacity theory, is allocation attention fixed?
no, it is not fixed
43
three components of allocation attention
task, individual, environment
44
in the central resource capacity theory, can attention be placed on more than one stimulus at a time
yes
45
what is the definition of attention
tasks compete for resources
46
what types of theories think of attention as "multiple pools" of resources
multiple resource theories
47
True/False:
Two tasks competing for common resources perform less well don't perform as well as two tasks competing for different resources
TRUUUUU
48
what happens when attention can be placed on both input and output stages simultaneously
skill
49
what is an example of a dual task activity
texting and driving
50
is texting structural or capacity interference (3)
both
51
what does success in performing two or more tasks at the same time depend on
1. has to be meaningful
2. demands of the task cannot exceed the common
3. two skills require different resources
52
does the bottleneck occur in stimulus identification
probz not
53
does the bottleneck occur in response selection
probz yes
54
does the bottleneck occur in response programming
YEAH
55
what is a theory for limitations in response programming
Double Stimulation Paradigm
56
what is the double response paradigm
separate responses to two stimuli presented closely together
57
for the double stimulation paradigm, where is there interference in programming
1st and 2nd responses
58
what is present in the double stimulation paradigm
Psychological Refractory Period (PRP)
59
what is a component of the Psychological Refractory Period
"Faking"
60
what are the two types of Focus of Attention
Internal and External Attentional Focus
61
two types of performers in focus of attention
expert and novice
62
when is external focus used
skills that are well learned
63
when is internal focus used
when "getting the idea"
64
what does the shift toward internal performance processes lead to
regression of previous level of control
65
does all movement require attention
no
66
since attention is not required for all movements, where is attention diverted
response programming stage of future movements
67
what may attention do to motor movements and control
fine tune
68
what is a consequence of IP
memory
69
what is the reason that previously processed IP can affect current IP
memory
70
three stages of memory storage
1. short term sensory store (STSS)
2. short term memory (STM)
3. long term memory (LTM)
71
what type of memory is "working memory"
short term memory
72
what are the two types of influences of memory
1. direct
| 2. indirect
73
what is direct influence of memory
deliberate attempt to search/retrieve past experience
74
what is indirect influence of memory
- not a conscious recollection of memory
| - motor skills
75
three-step process of memory storage
encoding --> storage --> retrieval
76
what happens if any of the three steps of memory storage fails
memory fails
77
what is encoding in the memory storage
information is converted for storage
78
what is storage in the memory storage
information is retained in memory
79
what is retrieval in the memory storage
information is recovered from memory when needed
80
what type of memory is "sensory register" (pattern matching) involved in
short term sensory store
81
can short term sensory store hold massive amounts of information briefly?
yes
82
what happens after short term sensory store hold massive amounts of information briefly
information fades (decays)
83
what does short term sensory store store
literal information for less than 1 second
84
is capacity limited in short term sensory store
no, capacity is limitless
85
what happens to the most useful stimuli in short term sensory store
goes to short term memory
86
what problems may occur in the short term sensory store (2)
1. not enough info moves forward
| 2. too much info moves forward
87
what type of memory is working memory
short term memory
88
what is short term memory
storage system for info from STSS or LTM
89
what can be done with STM
active thinking and problem solving
90
what happens to info if not rehearsed in STM
info lost rapidly (30-60 seconds)
91
is capacity limited in STM
yes
92
what is capacity limited to in STM
7ish items
93
what word is associated with STM
chunking
94
what type of coding is present in STM
abstract coding
95
what are the critical phases to effective working memory in STM (3)
1. getting info correctly
2. handling info appropriately
3. moving info correctly from STM to LTM
96
in STM, what happens to info from STSS
stored for processing
97
in STM, what happens to info going to LTM
retrieved for processing and joined with STSS info to create action plan
98
what stage of IP is STM related to
response selection
99
what happens to practiced items in LTM
they are protected and more permanently placed in LTM
100
does LTM have capacity and duration
limitless capacity and duration of LTM
101
two types of memory in LTM
1. explicit
| 2. implicit
102
another word for explicit memory
declarative
103
another word for implicit memory
procedural
104
two subgroups in explicit memory
episodic and semantic
105
what is explicit/declarative memory
conscious recall of facts/knowledge of associations (people, place, things)
106
in the simplest, terms, what is explicit memory
knowing ABOUT (episodic and semantic)
107
what is implicit/procedural memory
automatic, habitual due to high repetition of prior experience
108
does implicit memory require conscious strategy to retrieve info
no
109
in simplest terms, what is implicit memory
know HOW to
110
what is effective use of LTM (2)
1. transfer info accurately into LTM
| 2. accurately retrieve information
111
what is another word for transferring info accurately into LTM
encoding
112
two ways to accurately retrieve information
1. advanced organizer
| 2. orienting question
113
what are the main constructs in preparation for motor learning
information processing, attention, memory
114
for an individual to learn or re-learn any given task, what needs to exist
plasticity
