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Motor Control (Fall 2016) CP > Motor Learning: Part 2. Changes Across the Lifespan: Healthy Elderly Patients > Flashcards

Motor Learning: Part 2. Changes Across the Lifespan: Healthy Elderly Patients Flashcards

1
Q

in 2014, what percent of the US population was 65 and older

A

14.5%

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2
Q

estimated in 2020, what percent of the US population will be 65 and older

A

21.7%

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3
Q

how does the fact that there will be a greater percentage of older people in 2020 impact our health care system and our PT profession

A

people are living longer and we must treat them

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4
Q

for connective tissue and cartilage , what are the musculoskeletal changes that occur (4)

A
  1. poor cartilage nutrition
  2. decrease water concentration
  3. calcification
  4. thinning
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5
Q

what part of the body does sarcopenia occur in

A

skeletal muscle

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6
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

decreased mass and strength of skeletal muscle (replaced with adipose tissue)

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7
Q

when are motor neurons lost (related to sarcopenia)

A

60 years old

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8
Q

what happens to the muscle fibers in sarcopenia

A

decrease in number and diameter

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9
Q

what do the muscle fibers transform into

A

fat or collagen

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10
Q

what happens to bone in aging (2)

A
  1. osteoporosis

2. osteoarthritis

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11
Q

what sex is more likely to get osteoporosis

A

females

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12
Q

what are the functional implications of bone changes (2)

A

inactivity, spontaneous fractures

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13
Q

what level of the ICF do bone changes occur under

A

participation

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14
Q

beginning with strength, what are the musculoskeletal changes in aging from a broad perspective

A
  1. decrease strength
  2. decrease capacity for rapid force generation
  3. decrease power
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15
Q

as you age, what happens to brain weight/volume

A

decrease brain weight/volume

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16
Q

what lobe is most affected in the decline in brain weight/volume

A

frontal lobe

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17
Q

as you age, what does neuronal atrophy/cell death lead to

A

loss of gray matter

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18
Q

as you age, what does axonal loss and decreased myelination lead to

A

loss of white matter

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19
Q

______ changes as you age (part of brain)

A

cerebellum changes

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20
Q

what cells are affected specifically in cerebellum changes

A

decrease perkinje cells

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21
Q

as you age, do neuritic plaques increase or decrease

A

increase

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22
Q

as you age, does neurotransmitter synthesis increase or decrease

A

decrease

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23
Q

in aging, what happens to nerve conduction velocity

A

decreased

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24
Q

in aging, are there changes in sleep

A

yes

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25
Q

what are the functional implications as you age (4)

A
  1. memory
  2. declines in balance/postural control
  3. gait
  4. exectuive function
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26
Q

as you age, what happens to processing speed

A

diminishes

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27
Q

what is the % difference of reaction time between a 60 year old and a 20 year old

A

increase RT by 20% in 60 year old

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28
Q

what happens to fluid intelligence after the 20s

A

declines

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29
Q

as you age, what happens to working memory and chunks

A
  • decline in working memory

- shorter chunks

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30
Q

as you age, what happens to attentional resources

A

depletion

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31
Q

as you age, what happens to semantic (explicit memory)

A

minimal decline, retrieve and learn new

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32
Q

as you age, what happens to episodic (explicit memory)

A

retention decreases with increases in time from event

33
Q

as you age, what happens to heart weight (fat)

A

increases

34
Q

as you age, what happens to myocardial stiffness and compliance of ventricles

A
  • increase myocardial stiffness

- decrease in compliance

35
Q

as you age, what happens to ventricle walls and vales

A
  • ventricle walls thicken

- valves calcified

36
Q

as you age, what happens to the ability to adapt to stress (HR, BP, SV)

A

decreased

37
Q

as you age, what happens to exercise capacity

A

decreased

38
Q

as you age, what happens to thorax

A

stiffer

39
Q

as you age, what happens to kyphosis

A

increased

40
Q

as you age, what happens to rib cage mobility/elasticity

A

diminished

41
Q

what does the stiffer thorax, increased kyphosis, diminished rib cage mobility/elasticity lead to

A

decreased lung volumes

42
Q

as you age, what happens to the efficiency of respiratory muscles

A

decreased

43
Q

as you age, what happens to elastic recoil of lungs

A

decreased

44
Q

as you age, what happens to oxygenated air delivered to tissues

A

decreased

45
Q

as you age, what happens to cardiac output

A

decreased

46
Q

as you age, what happens to O@ transportation

A

diminished

47
Q

as you age, what happens to fitness

A

compromised

48
Q

as you age, what happens to somatic senses

A

decline

49
Q

as you age, what leads to increased risk for falls (2)

A
  1. dizziness

2. vertigo

50
Q

as you age, when does visual/hearing acuity decline

A

between 60-80 years old

51
Q

as you age, when does taste/smell decrease

A

after 60

52
Q

as you age, what happens to erect postures

A

decrease

53
Q

what does erect postures declining lead to

A

shifting COG

54
Q

what does erect postures decreasing and shifting COG lead to

A

increase in spontaneous M/L sway

55
Q

as you age, what happens to sensory system

A

decline

56
Q

as you age, what happens to central control mechanisms

A

slow

57
Q

as you age, what happens to RT/responses of postural muscles

A

delays

58
Q

how long can “cognitively healthy” older adults retain newly acquired motor memory for

A

a minimum of 2 years after learning

59
Q

do body systems degrade as much in the active adult

A

no

60
Q

for active healthy older adults, what population is their RT similar to

A

younger adults

61
Q

for active healthy older adults, what three things are closely related and important

A
  1. intentional exercise
  2. motor learning
  3. cortical plasticity
62
Q

what is critical for prevention of cognitive decline

A

exercise

63
Q

what 5 things are important for healthy aging

A
  1. exercise
  2. productive pursuits
  3. genes
  4. diet
  5. social activity
64
Q

older adults not as adept in performing motor tasks but equally skilled in learning, retraining, and transfer of motor skills if…

A

allowed to pace during learning

65
Q

what should training be like for older adults (4)

A
  1. specific
  2. function-orientated
  3. precise
  4. simple
66
Q

what should be integrated in training of older adults

A

multiple tasks and activities

67
Q

sequential/series of movements requiring speed suffer…

A

decrements in performance

68
Q

learning is slower compared to…

A

younger adults

69
Q

what needs to happen in compensation for learning being slower for older adults

A

increased repetitions

70
Q

for older adults, when is reaction time quickest (without…)

A

without irrelevant stimuli and with planned repetitive movements

71
Q

what are sequential tasks

A

elements compromising a sequence and transition between elements organized into subsequences

72
Q

some evidence suggests that ______ people have diminished capacity to learn as they do not effectively use motor chuncks

A

elderly

73
Q

older adults benefit from _____ practice

A

random

74
Q

why do the older adults benefit from random practice

A

improve retention of FM skill

75
Q

what was seem for older adults with distributed practice

A

better recall, but performance decrements

76
Q

what was distributed practice beneficial for

A

prevention of injury

77
Q

is part or whole better for older adults

A

not sure

78
Q

what population benefits more from KR

A

younger and older adults

Motor Control (Fall 2016) CP (6 decks)

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