Motor Learning: Part 2. Changes Across the Lifespan: Healthy Elderly Patients Flashcards
in 2014, what percent of the US population was 65 and older
14.5%
estimated in 2020, what percent of the US population will be 65 and older
21.7%
how does the fact that there will be a greater percentage of older people in 2020 impact our health care system and our PT profession
people are living longer and we must treat them
for connective tissue and cartilage , what are the musculoskeletal changes that occur (4)
- poor cartilage nutrition
- decrease water concentration
- calcification
- thinning
what part of the body does sarcopenia occur in
skeletal muscle
what is sarcopenia
decreased mass and strength of skeletal muscle (replaced with adipose tissue)
when are motor neurons lost (related to sarcopenia)
60 years old
what happens to the muscle fibers in sarcopenia
decrease in number and diameter
what do the muscle fibers transform into
fat or collagen
what happens to bone in aging (2)
- osteoporosis
2. osteoarthritis
what sex is more likely to get osteoporosis
females
what are the functional implications of bone changes (2)
inactivity, spontaneous fractures
what level of the ICF do bone changes occur under
participation
beginning with strength, what are the musculoskeletal changes in aging from a broad perspective
- decrease strength
- decrease capacity for rapid force generation
- decrease power
as you age, what happens to brain weight/volume
decrease brain weight/volume
what lobe is most affected in the decline in brain weight/volume
frontal lobe
as you age, what does neuronal atrophy/cell death lead to
loss of gray matter
as you age, what does axonal loss and decreased myelination lead to
loss of white matter
______ changes as you age (part of brain)
cerebellum changes
what cells are affected specifically in cerebellum changes
decrease perkinje cells
as you age, do neuritic plaques increase or decrease
increase
as you age, does neurotransmitter synthesis increase or decrease
decrease
in aging, what happens to nerve conduction velocity
decreased
in aging, are there changes in sleep
yes
what are the functional implications as you age (4)
- memory
- declines in balance/postural control
- gait
- exectuive function
as you age, what happens to processing speed
diminishes
what is the % difference of reaction time between a 60 year old and a 20 year old
increase RT by 20% in 60 year old
what happens to fluid intelligence after the 20s
declines
as you age, what happens to working memory and chunks
- decline in working memory
- shorter chunks
as you age, what happens to attentional resources
depletion
as you age, what happens to semantic (explicit memory)
minimal decline, retrieve and learn new
as you age, what happens to episodic (explicit memory)
retention decreases with increases in time from event
as you age, what happens to heart weight (fat)
increases
as you age, what happens to myocardial stiffness and compliance of ventricles
- increase myocardial stiffness
- decrease in compliance
as you age, what happens to ventricle walls and vales
- ventricle walls thicken
- valves calcified
as you age, what happens to the ability to adapt to stress (HR, BP, SV)
decreased
as you age, what happens to exercise capacity
decreased
as you age, what happens to thorax
stiffer
as you age, what happens to kyphosis
increased
as you age, what happens to rib cage mobility/elasticity
diminished
what does the stiffer thorax, increased kyphosis, diminished rib cage mobility/elasticity lead to
decreased lung volumes
as you age, what happens to the efficiency of respiratory muscles
decreased
as you age, what happens to elastic recoil of lungs
decreased
as you age, what happens to oxygenated air delivered to tissues
decreased
as you age, what happens to cardiac output
decreased
as you age, what happens to O@ transportation
diminished
as you age, what happens to fitness
compromised
as you age, what happens to somatic senses
decline
as you age, what leads to increased risk for falls (2)
- dizziness
2. vertigo
as you age, when does visual/hearing acuity decline
between 60-80 years old
as you age, when does taste/smell decrease
after 60
as you age, what happens to erect postures
decrease
what does erect postures declining lead to
shifting COG
what does erect postures decreasing and shifting COG lead to
increase in spontaneous M/L sway
as you age, what happens to sensory system
decline
as you age, what happens to central control mechanisms
slow
as you age, what happens to RT/responses of postural muscles
delays
how long can “cognitively healthy” older adults retain newly acquired motor memory for
a minimum of 2 years after learning
do body systems degrade as much in the active adult
no
for active healthy older adults, what population is their RT similar to
younger adults
for active healthy older adults, what three things are closely related and important
- intentional exercise
- motor learning
- cortical plasticity
what is critical for prevention of cognitive decline
exercise
what 5 things are important for healthy aging
- exercise
- productive pursuits
- genes
- diet
- social activity
older adults not as adept in performing motor tasks but equally skilled in learning, retraining, and transfer of motor skills if…
allowed to pace during learning
what should training be like for older adults (4)
- specific
- function-orientated
- precise
- simple
what should be integrated in training of older adults
multiple tasks and activities
sequential/series of movements requiring speed suffer…
decrements in performance
learning is slower compared to…
younger adults
what needs to happen in compensation for learning being slower for older adults
increased repetitions
for older adults, when is reaction time quickest (without…)
without irrelevant stimuli and with planned repetitive movements
what are sequential tasks
elements compromising a sequence and transition between elements organized into subsequences
some evidence suggests that ______ people have diminished capacity to learn as they do not effectively use motor chuncks
elderly
older adults benefit from _____ practice
random
why do the older adults benefit from random practice
improve retention of FM skill
what was seem for older adults with distributed practice
better recall, but performance decrements
what was distributed practice beneficial for
prevention of injury
is part or whole better for older adults
not sure
what population benefits more from KR
younger and older adults
