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611 Exam 1 > Motor Learning > Flashcards

Motor Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Motor Learning

A

Process of acquiring movement which involves practice or experience and leads to PERMANENT changes in capability to produce skilled action

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2
Q

Learning Related CNS Changes

A

Increased dendritic branching

Increased synaptic connections between neurons

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3
Q

Gentile’s 2 Stage Model of Learning, 1972: Stage 1

A

Discovering how mvmt is organized

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4
Q

Goal of Gentile’s Stage 1

A

getting idea of mvmt

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5
Q

Gentile’s 2 Stage : Regulatory Conditions

A

static and predictable (height of sink)

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6
Q

Gentile’s 2 Stage: Non-regulatory Conditions

A

Conditions that May change

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7
Q

Gentile’s 2 stage: Stage 2 & Goal

A

Fixation/ Diversification
Matching newly acquired mvmt pattern to the environment in which it is performed (pt. is able to hone in on the envt. & sum up what needs to be done)

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8
Q

Stages of Motor Learning Fitts & Posner, 1964: Cognitive Stage

A

Pt. is thinking about task while doing it. Mvmts are not automatic, a lot of errors occur at this stage with varbility

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9
Q

Fitts & Posner: Associative Stage

A

Less errors and more consistancy

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10
Q

Fits & Posner: Autonomous Stage

A

individual can multi task while completing movements.
No thought is involved (reach for paper while talking)
Individual has a consistant mvmt pattern

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11
Q

Neo-Bernsteinian Perspective, 1991: Novice Stage

A

Learning skill for the 1st time and exploring motor stratagies.

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12
Q

Neo-Bensteinian Perspective: Advanced stage

A

Refined a certain mvmt patters with less errors than novice stage

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13
Q

Neo-Benstenian Perspective: Expert Stage

A

Can independently use mvmt pattern succesfully across different contexts

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14
Q

Structure of the practice session must address

A

Length of sessions
Number of sessions
**Types of tasks (typically start w/ mobility & transfers)
Order in which tasks are practiced (what pt. wants)
Time allotted to each activiet
How fatigue/rest breaks will be factored

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15
Q

Environmental Constraints: Stable

A

(Therapy gym, OT clinic)
Self-paced
Fixed terrain
Objects & people are stationary

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16
Q

Environmental Constraints: Unstable

A

(Outside the clinic setting)
Objects & people are in motion
Support surfaces are moving

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17
Q

Repetitive vs Variable Practice

A

Repetitive focuses on one particular skills
Practice in a variety of different ways = skill performance with a broader range of of mvmt experiences (mvmt schemas)
Increases flexibility & adaptability of learning & allows for increased transfer of skill development to novel tasks (generalizability)

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18
Q

Skills better suited for repetitive practice =

A

skills performed in stable environments with a high level of mvmt consistency

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19
Q

Variable Practice is introduced after

A

After the client has learned the dynamics of the task through repetitive practice.

20
Q

Increased variability leads to

A

greater generalizability

21
Q

Massed vs Distributed Practice: Distributed

A

Amount of rest between trials equals or is > than the amount of time for a trial
(work on sh flexion for 2 min and rest for 2 min)
Better for pts. with comorbidties

22
Q

Massed Practice

A

Amount of practice time per trial is > than the amount of rest between trials
(work on trunk flexion for 4 min and rest for 1 min)

23
Q

Masses practice may lead to

A

Fatigue in some tasks which may mask the orginal learning effects during practice.

24
Q

Continuous Tasks

A

Repetitive tasks with no definite beginning & end.

Continuous motor control (posture)

25
Q

Discrete tasks

A

A series of motor control movements

Finite beginning & ending (ADL’s)

26
Q

Whole vs Past Practice: Whole

A

Practice entire movement pattern without stopping or resting.
Good for more simple & highly organized tasks (feeding transfers)

27
Q

Part Practice

A

Task is broken down into interim steps so person can master each part before learning the entire task.
Good for highly complex & low in organizations.
(break down transfers: hand placement, sequencing)

28
Q

Methods of Part Task Practice: Segmentation

A

Breaking down a task (threading an arm through a shirt)

29
Q

Methods of Part Task Practice: Simplification

A

Modifaction, adaptive equipment, gradiation

30
Q

Methods of Part Task Practice: Fractionization

A

breaking task down into different time chunks ( reaching task, completed Sh ff x5)

31
Q

Blocked vs Random Practice: Blocked

A

Practice and complete all of task A before pt moves to task b.
Drills to enhance learning
Allows for producing mvmts that are automatic

32
Q

Random Practice

A

Practice a mix of task A, B, & C and randomly intermix them.
Higher level, can test carryover and skills

33
Q

Contextual Interference

A

Challange practice sessions by having pt. practice several skills during each session.
Increases retention, transfer of mvmt skills and cognitive stratagies needed.
Can be any distraction during task completion

34
Q

Practicing in natural settings

A

Essential for learning & transfer of skills
Enhance repertoire of motor skills
Need real objects not simulation
Home based OT is valuable

35
Q

Schedule and Organization of Practice

A

Considering the mvmt skills complexity (start with something successful)
Pt. safety
Level of experience
Cognitive/perceptual level (plan for decompenzation)
Pt. motivation

36
Q

Mental Practice

A

The act of performing a skill in ones imagination without mvmt (visualization)
Activates the neural circuts within the motor cortex
research shows positive effects on task performance

37
Q

Guidance

A

Pt. is physically guided through the task to be learned

more effective for retention and transfer of skill than for skill acquisition

38
Q

Feedback

A

The use of sensory info for the control of mvmt needed for skill acquistion (auditory, visual, tactile)
Can be + or -

39
Q

Internal & External Feedback

A

Internal: How you think you did
External: From envt.

40
Q

Concurrent & Terminal Feedback

A

Concurrent: While completing the task
Terminal: At the end of the task

41
Q

Knowledge of Performance (KP)

A

info about the processes used during task performance (relax you sh. when reaching)
Extrinsic KP can be provided before a task begins
KP can be provided as concurrent or terminal

42
Q

Knowledge of Results (KR)

A

the outcome of an action in terms of accomplishing a goal.
serves as a basis for error detection
Promotes better performance during aquistion phase but decreased performance during retention & Transfer

43
Q

Bandwidth KR

A

Set paramiters for when you give the client feedback

Encourage problem solving

44
Q

Strategy Development

A

Organized plans or rules that guide action in a varity of situations
Emphasis of strategy use during task performance relied on KP feedback
KP feedback is essential to strategy formulation

45
Q

Skill Acquisition

A

Ultimate goal of therapy
Skill = any activity which becomes better organized & more effective as a result of practice
fluency of mvmt
training consists of matching force generation to demands of task.

611 Exam 1 (6 decks)

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