Models of Motor Control

Question 1

Motor Control Is:

Answer 1

The study of how movement & posture are controlled by muscoskeletal & CNS.

Question 2

2 Issues Involved in Motor Control

Answer 2

1. Stabilizing body in space.

2. Moving body in space.

Question 3

Motor Control Context: Action

Answer 3

Action comes from the muscle tendons etc.

Question 4

Motor Control Context: Sensation

Answer 4

Propicoception, midline control, hand sensation

Question 5

Motor Control Context: Perception

Answer 5

Interperating stimuli and make sense of it (visual. kinistetic)

Question 6

Motor Control Context: Cognitive

Answer 6

Processing information, safety, alert & oriented x3 - impulsivity and insight.

Question 7

Reflex Model

Answer 7

Sherrington late 1800’s-early 1900’s
reflexes are the building blocks of motor movement
Sensory stimulation activates motor outputs
Roods theory is based on this

Question 8

Reflex =

Answer 8

Fundamental unit of voluntary motor activity

Question 9

Reflex Model (this + this = this)

Answer 9

Sensory input + Sterotypic Motor Output (reflex) = movement

Question 10

Reflex model : Person =

Answer 10

Passive Recipient

Question 11

Reflex Model : CNS =

Answer 11

Passive recipient 
(therapist initates the process of movement not the Pt. = passive movement)

Question 12

Limitations of Reflex Model

Answer 12

Anctiapatory Control (tone) preparing for a movement, ready postion.
Varying responses: due to the envt.
Novel Movements: Practicing a new movement involves cognitive components vs just reflexes.

Question 13

Clinical Implications of the Reflex Model

Answer 13

evident in eval/Tx of reflexes
use of sensory stim to elicit motor response
can be used in splinting

Question 14

Hierarchical Model

Answer 14

Huglings Jackson
top-down organizational structure 
higher levels override lower ones 
uses open loop-vs-closed loop system of control 
feedforward or anticipatory control

Question 15

Hierarchical Models Top Down Approach

Answer 15

Cortical hemispheres -> spinal cord -> individual muscles

similar to NDT

Question 16

Limitations of Hierarchical Model

Answer 16

Voluntary & reflexive movements look similar
Degrees of freedom problem: (ROM - functions are happening simoteniously)
Uneconomical
Simplistic

Question 17

Clinical Implications Of Hierarchical Model

Answer 17

Used in approaches that aim to restore higher level control

static before dynamic, simple to complex

Question 18

Dynamic Systems Theory

Answer 18

Nicolai Bernstein
Today’s theory
All systems work together and effect overall movement.
(Systems sensory, internal organs, neuro, emotional, envt, ortho, perceptual)

Question 19

Dynamic Systems Model: Self organization

Answer 19

Cognitive impairment affects a Pts. ability to know what to do

Question 20

Dynamic Systems Model: PEO

Answer 20

interaction of person, envt. & functional task

Question 21

Dynamic Systems Model: Heterarchical Organization

Answer 21

All dynamic systems are even and have a critcal impact

Question 22

Dynamic Systems Model: Closed loop & Open loop

Answer 22

Closed = Stability & Open = Mobility

Question 23

Dynamic Systems Model: Feedforward & feedback

Answer 23

Feedforaward= anticapitory movement 
Feedback = ability to use input to self correct movement

Question 24

Dynamic Systems Model: CNS compensates for damage

Answer 24

CNS is capable of change and can compensate for loss of function

Question 25

Dynamic Systems Model

Answer 25

Evolution of ecological approach

Degrees of freedom

Question 26

Dynamic Systems Model: Coordinative Structures

Answer 26

Elbow, sh., wist & hand work together

Question 27

Dynamic System Model: Attractor

Answer 27

Set pattern of movement

Question 28

Limitations of Dynamic Systems Model

Answer 28

Broad

Needs further research

Question 29

Clinical Implications of Dynamic Systems Model

Answer 29

Stresses interaction of biomechanical, neurological, and environment.
Eval/tx focus on interaction of systems.

Question 30

Ecological Model

Answer 30

James Gibson 1960’s
Motor systems interaction with environment (environment impacts movement)
MC evolved so animals could cope w/ environment
Initial action to environment link
**Perception is critical

Question 31

Clinical Implications of Ecological Model

Answer 31

person = active explorer (allows person to problem solve motor planning for task completion)
multiple ways to accomplish a task
active problem solving
cognitive/perceptual impacts on MC

Question 32

Task Oriented Models

Answer 32

(OT) Greene, Horak, Gordon 1972
Based on dynamic systems model
Functional tasks help organize motor skills
Occupational performance emerges from interaction of multiple systems.
Practice and active experimentation with different strategies & contexts are needed to find optimal solutions for motor problems & skill development

Question 33

Task Oriented Model: Strategies & Contexts

Answer 33

Figure out the pt. typical routine/mvnt patterns involved in their daily lives.
For example, transfer contexts: beds, sofa, car

Question 34

Task Oriented Tx Principles: Client center focused

Answer 34

Take clients patters into considertion bc everyone moves differently

Question 35

Task Oriented Tx Principles: Occupation based focus

Answer 35

Tx must have an end point that is occupation based

Question 36

Task Oriented Tx Principles

Answer 36

Person and environment focus

Practice & Feedback

Question 37

Create an active learning Environment

Answer 37

Organize environment to match level of perfromance (based on eval)
Provide opportunities for practice outside of therapy
Give clients control (what they want to do/need)
Encourage active problem solving (provide the client with some level of success)
Create a challenging environment

Question 38

Clinical Implications of TOM

Answer 38

Stresses significance of perc, cog & action systems
Natural settings
Problem Solving