motor development and milestones

Question 1

theories of motor development

Answer 1

maturational perspective
information processing perspective
ecological perspective

Question 2

maturational perspective

Answer 2

function of maturational processes
innate process driven by genetic clock
stops when individual starts maturing

Question 3

information processing perspective

Answer 3

reflective operations that occur as a result of an external/environmental stimuli
central executive function decides all movements and changes in movements based on calculations from perceptual information

Question 4

ecological perspective

Answer 4

considers the interealtionships between individul, environments and the task in itself
lifelong process

Question 5

what is motor development

Answer 5

development of movement abilities
continuous process of change in functional capacity
related to but not dependent on age
lifelong process
involves sequential age

Question 6

principles of motion and stability

Answer 6

moving against gravity- newtonw laws
relationship between rotating limbs and projected objects- can use laws to improve performance
longer lever= increased speed/acceleration
open kinetic chain- correct sequence of movements- do in certain order + perform movement successfully
force absorption- action, reaction
stability - not moving- and balance- maintaining centre of gravity
balance doesnt ensure stability but stability ensures balance§

Question 7

spontaneous movements

Answer 7

movements that occcur without anyone talking/ stimulating them

Question 7

early childhood

Answer 7

key time in life for development specifically motor development
spontaneous movements
infantile reflexes
babinski reflex

Question 8

infantile reflexes

Answer 8

involuntary movements as a reaction to a stimuli- have primitive relfexes from birth- postural reactions to keep posture
locomotor reflexes occur before the actual skill emerges
can be used to assess how a child is aging eg if a reflex isnt there when it should be or if it is there when it no longer should be

Question 9

babinski reflex

Answer 9

used to look for neurological disorders in young babies

Question 10

role of reflexes

Answer 10

structural- wired via CNS
functional- help an infant to survive
applied- opportunity for child to practice movements before the brain centre are ready to purposely do the movement

Question 11

gross motor milestones

Answer 11

fundamental movement skills whose attainment is associated with the acquisition of later voluntary movements
order of reaching milestones is relatively consistent but timing may vary among individuals

Question 12

locomotor skills

Answer 12

group of skills involving moving body through space eg creeping and crawling (4 limbs), walking or running
skills evolve with time and practice
allows for further skills eg galloping, sliding and skipping

Question 13

object control skills

Answer 13

managing and manipulating objects eg throwing, kicking
manipulative- grasping and reaching
catching, oveream throwing, side arm striking (involves other objects eg racket)

Question 14

stability skills

Answer 14

balance of the body and weight transfer, static balance, dynamic balance, axial stability

Question 15

assesing motor competence

Answer 15

choice of assessment depends on purpose of assessment, target population, feasibility and administrative aspects and measurement quality
motion devices (lab or portable)- give objective, accurate measuremnts with minimal bias +observations

Question 16

motion devices

Answer 16

objective
instrumented movement analysis
quantitative assessment of human movement, kinematic, kinetic, electromyographic variables that determine performance
characteristaion of motor skills and relevant levels of motor competence
highly accurate and reliable
time consuming, expensive, specialised equipment

Question 17

observation

Answer 17

objective
systematically viewing and recording performance with standardised protocol
product orientated measures- focus on movement patterns/ quality
good feasibility, multiple settings, validated / reliable protocols
can be time consuming + expensive

Question 18

subjective measures

Answer 18

much cheaper/ quicker + simpler than objective
no need for specalised training
can include contextual info
not accurate/detailed enough for performance at individual level

Question 19

self report

Answer 19

subjective
child self reports
low to moderate correlation with objective measurements in adolescents- acceptable validity/ reliability
inexpensive, quick + very feasible c
cannot be used in children <8 years old, susceptible to social desirabilltiy + memory issues, varying literacy levels

Question 20

proxy report

Answer 20

subjective
reports by someone familiar with the child
developed to identify atypical development
very few to assess fundamental movement skills in typical development
moderate correlation found with objective measures
susceptible to social desirability

Question 21

why identify motot development

Answer 21

interventions cost resources eg time and money
need to know what factors influence motor development to identify targets
how they influence
what can/ cant be changed

Question 22

sources of influence- socio ecological

Answer 22

physical environment
social and cultrual
individual- demographic, biological, psychological, cognitive, emotional, behaviour

Question 23

demographic/ biological

Answer 23

sex- boys better at object control and motor coordination
girls better at locomotor skills and balance
weight- high BMI negatively correlated with motor coordination and skill compisite
age- object control, locomtor and stability skills get better with age
parental education- particularly mother’s education positively correlated with locomotor skills and skill composite skills

Question 24

behavioural

Answer 24

physical acitivity
skill composite and motor coordination

Question 25

social and cultural

Answer 25

having older siblings- evidence providing positively correlated locomotor and object control skills
facilitating provision of equipment or access to facilities + high value placed on sport positively related to overall motor competence
childcare staff and preschool attended- linked to improved motor competence and locomotor skills

Question 26

benefits of adequate motor development

Answer 26

consistent evidence showing negative relationship between weight status and fundamental movement skills
significant beneficial relationship between motor skill development and socual genetive abilities, language and social interactions
important skill underlying PA
locomotor skills are foundation of future PA and movement competence
building blocks for everyday activities