demography of ageing

Question 1

humans

Answer 1

are a protected species so we dont have predators
life span- maximum survival for that species- defined from birth
life expectancy- average expected survival, defined from point of origin
mortality rate- number of deaths/number in population

Question 2

survival in human populations

Answer 2

global variation in life expectancy
1800s- LE of 29
1950- greater variation across world- in europe and north america, LE was 68-72 but some countries in africa and south asia were 27-35
2015- increased across the world to over 60, highest in canada, australia and europe but still lowest LE in africa and south asia at 52-60
2019- highets in japan (84.6), south korea (83) and UK (81.3)

Question 3

increased life expectancy

Answer 3

LE for people born now much greater than people born 100 years ago
- healthcare developed
- better knowledge about disease
- diet and nutrition
- better quality of livng
- safer workplaces
- better sanitation

Question 4

life expectancy males vs females

Answer 4

higher in females in UK and in world average
UK female vs male = 83.06 vs 79.76
world female vs male= 75.2 vs 70.41

Question 5

males projected life expectancy

Answer 5

LE recently has slightly tailed off- is stalling
reasons- weather, austerity- reduction in public expenditure on health + care, migration- individuals from poor background still suffering effects leading to lower LE, infectious disease outbreaks, alzheimers/ dementia

Question 6

changes in causes of death

Answer 6

in females from 2001-2017
dementia and alzheimers gradually icnreasing
heart disease reducing as cause
resp diseases still similar

Question 7

survival curve

Answer 7

shows life expectancy
survival will depend oon events occured in early life
rectangularisation of surival curve shows a greater amount of people surviving to old age –> reduction of infectious disease and treatment of chronic disease

Question 8

contributors to increased life expectancy

Answer 8

improved housing, sanitation and antiseptics
public health, immunisation and hygiene
antibiotics, health and education
recent biomedical breakthroughs
these changes reduce infant mortality increasing life expectancy

Question 9

factors influencing population structure

Answer 9

mortality- deaths
fertility- new babies
migration- in and out

Question 10

population stability

Answer 10

currently need 2.1 babies per mother to keep population stable
most countries have fertility of <2, less babies being born than mothers with children
south korea, japan and germany all have lower number of children per women 1.08-1.6

Question 11

consequences of ageing population

Answer 11

very large proportion of individuals 25-64 also an increased proportion of 65+
in japan, large proportion of people over 65 but a decreased fertility rate
old age dependency- need for support

Question 12

morbidity

Answer 12

having disease/ amount of disease
compression of morbidity- delaying disease until end of life
increased life expectancy but greater duration of life in poor health
aiming to postpone chronic disease so that individuals suffer for eless time- at the end of life when they struggle with disease
want to increase life expectancy and health expectancy