Motor Development Flashcards
Example of Reflex to Cortical?
ATNR–>volitional movements
Define a neonate
Neonate = full term infant; classified as first 28 days (1 month) after birth
Physiologic flexion
Dominates in neonates. Gradually disappears in 1st month of life for those w/o neurological impairments
Describe positions of extremities w/ prone lying
Head Position: turned to side, Upper Extremities: flexed elbows and adducted shoulders, Hip: flexed, Pelvis: anterior tilt
Describe positions of extremities w/ prone on elbows
Head: ATNR is diminishing, midline cervical extensors used, cervical flexors are developing;
Hips: Abducted and ER;
Knees slightly flexed;
Upper extremities: elongation and scapular stability
Name UE/core muscles that become active w/ prone on extended arm position
Triceps, serratus, trunk extensors; Baby now able to roll over and reach easier
Significance of pivot prone position:
Signifies scapular and pelvic stability that can alternate
Name three areas of stability achieved w/ quadruped position
Requires hip joint stability, scapular stability, and trunk stability
Timeframes of crawling and creeping
Crawling = 3-9 months Creeping = 6-7 months
Head lag
No head lag at birth; when physiological flexion disappears, head lag appears (after 1 month)
Hands to knees and feet/ feet to mouth is achieved when? and name significance of this.
achieved at 5 months.
Development of body scheme.
Feet to mouth: Sucking & rooting reflex integrated, allow for oral exploration/learning.
Example of Generalized/total to local
All UE in wide sweep–>control of individual joints
Example of Head to toe
Cephalocaudal: Head, upper trunk, UE develop control before lower trunk and LE
Example of Medial to Lateral Development
Ulnar grip–>radial (thumb and pointer)
Example of Gross to Fine
hold bottle–>pick up small objects
What are the 4 major types of milestones
- Motor: gross and fine
- Sensory: 5 senses
- Feeding: liquids and solids
- Communication: verbal
If a baby is over stimulated, what happens?
Baby diverts their gaze
What are 3 goals of motor development?
- Control of body against gravity
- Maintain body’s COM within BoS
- Intersegmental and intersegmental isolated movements
Difference between Intrasegmental and Intersegmental
Intrasegmental: elbow joint moving separate from wrist and sholder
Intersegmental: moving head without moving extremities
What is the neonate position?
Dominated by physiologic flexion
Gradually disappears in first month in full term babies w/o neurologic impairments
What is the prone progression during birth to 5 or 6 months
Prone Lying and Prone on Elbows
During Prone Lying, What is: Head position, UE, Hip, Pelvis?
Head Position: Turned to one side to breath and feed
UE: shoulder ADducted to side w/ elbow caudal to shoulders
Hip: flexion
Pelvis: anterior tilt
What is the head righting reaction?
AKA Labyrinthine righting reactions; when body is tilted in space, the head attempts to achieve horizontal mouth position
What is the tilting reaction?
the body reacts to change in position when the SURFACE moves
What is the equilibrium reaction?
react to perturbations at the body level; the surface does not move
What is the protective response?
Able to put out hand or foot when COM is pushed outside of the BOS
nonsegmental rolling occurs at… and continues through..
3 months
0-6 months
nonsegmental rolling
- Body follows position of the head/neck position (neck righting reaction)
- Body moves as a unit
segmental rolling
- Rotation within the spine (intra-axial)
- Body moves in separate segments (body righting reaction)
segmental rolling occurs at..
6 months
prone to supine
5 months
supine to prone
6 months
supported sitting spine & pelvic positions
spine: complete C curve
Pelvis: perpendicular to the surface on which he sits
Sacral sitting observed in supported sitting may indicate
pathology
Propped sitting occurs at..
5 months
Diminished hand grasp reflex in propped sitting allows for . . . .
child to open hands to be placed on floor in front of them for support
Ring sitting occurs at..
6 months
Ring Sitting UE & LE position
UE: activated rhomboids in high guard to increase midline stability in trunk
LE: hip flexion & ER, knee flexion
What developmental milestone has taken place with half-ring sitting?
dissociation of LE movement
What additional movement does half ring sitting promote?
lateral weight shifting (allowed by narrowing of BOS mediolaterally)
Long sitting occurs at..
8 months
Side Sitting prepares the child for..
quadruped/crawling
How is the body positioned in side sitting?
intra-axial rotation/dissociation, weight shifting, and elongation of trunk
absence of automatic stepping
ABASIA
When is ABASIA absent?
2 months
loss of WB through LEs (not all babies experience)
ASTASIA
When does ASTASIA disappear?
3-4 months
pull to stand occurs at..
7-8 months
Independent standing occurs at..
10 months
LE features of pull to stand
hip flexion, ER & mod abduction; pronated feet . knee flexion
What does achievement of independent standing indicate?
eccentric control for lowering has developed
LE posture for independent standing
tall kneeling (wide BOS) & half kneeling ; hip extension & knee flexion against gravity
Cruising occurs at..
10+ months
LE posture of cruising
hip flexion & knee flexion, AP posture has improved
What is strengthened during cruising activities?
hip add/abd & ankle evertors/invertors
What must occur before independent bipedal locomotion can take place?
Plantar grasp reflex must disappear
Independent Bipedal Locomotion posture/gait
narrow BOS, good posture, neutral pron/sup feet, heel strike, push off & rec
Walking appears when? UE position?
10-15 months; high–> low guard
High guard positioning/ purpose
arms held up in attempt to increase stability by add scapulae
Low guard positioning
elbows: still flexed hands: just above waist fingers: pointed upwards shoulders: adducted
Independent walking LE positioning
Poor vertical alignment Plantar fat pad abd & ER hips no heel strike initially feet in pronation
plantar fat pad disappears at..
2 years
gait parameters ages 1-3
- Increased step length, stride length, velocity, single leg stance time
- hip abd–> hip add (shoulder width)
- genu varus (birth)–> 12 degrees valgus (3 y)
- increased cadence (less stability)–> decreased cadence
True run
both feet off ground at same time
What age does running develop?
3-4 years
Typical rise of a step
7-8 inches
At 15 months, climbing one step is equivalent to an adult attempting..
a knee high step.
One foot to each step by
3 years
When does visually directed reaching occur?
3-5 months
Start playing with feet?
5 months
What occurs from birth to 2 months?
Visual regard
Ulnar fingers predominate grasp at what age?
5 to 7 months
Forefinger dominance occurs?
10 to 11 months
When does pressure through fingers become graded?
12 months
Scribbling on paper occurs?
15-18 months
Begins building a tower?
3 cubes: 18 months
8 cubes: 30 months
When do they begin turning pages of a book?
2 or 3 at a time: 21 months
Single page: 24 months
Advanced motor skills
Stands tandem: 2 yrs; walk straight line: 3 yrs; walking in circle: 4 yrs; balance on one foot: 5 yrs; walk backwards: 18 months; jump from one step: 2 yrs; jump up bilat feet: 28 months; hops 3x: 3 yrs; hops 8-10x same foot: 5 yrs; gallops: 4 yrs; skips: 6 yrs; uses hand and body to catch ball: 3 yrs; hands only catch: 5 yrs; kick ball/throw ball: 2-3 yrs; fast walk: 18 months; True run with nonsupport phase: 2-3 yrs
