motor development Flashcards
what are the 2 systems that shape motor development
nervous system
musculoskeletal system
what is the role of the nervous system in motor development
enables us to process sensorimotor info and plan/control movement
what is the role of the musculoskeletal system in motor development
enables us to generate the force needed to move
what are the characteristics of motor developement
motor development is:
-lifelong process
-multidimensional
-multidirectional
what are the multidimensional aspects of motor development
biological development
-changes in physical characteristics
cognitive development
-changes in info processing and knowledge
socio-emotional development
-changes in relationships, emotion, personality
what does it mean that development is multidirectional
there are advancements and regressions
what is brain development influenced by
genes and environment
when does synaptic density peak
2 years
what is synaptic proliferation
increasing number of neuron connections
what is synaptic pruning
decreasing number of neuron connections to increase efficiency
when does brain development stop
early adult
fetus development at 7-8 weeks
gross body movement
fetus development at 10-11 weeks
limb movement
fetus development at 14-18 weeks
kicks felt by mother
fetus development at 28+ weeks
respond to stimuli (pressure, sound)
do infants have voluntary movement
no
why are reflexes important
-survival
-diagnostic tool
what is the moro (startle) reflex, purpose , disappearance
sudden intense noise or movement causes infant to extend back, head, arms, then rapidly close them
-helps infant cling to carrier
-3-4 months
what is root reflex, purpose, disappearance
cheek or side of mouth is touched then infant turns head toward stimulus
-facilitates finding nipple to feed
-3-4 months
what is sucking reflex, purpose, disappearance
object placed in mouth then infant sucks on object
-feeding
-3-4 months
what is grasping reflex, purpose, disappearance
object touches palm then infant grasps object tightly
-prepares for voluntary grasping
-3-4 months
what is tonic neck reflex, purpose, disappearance
rotation of head to one side then ipsilateral arm extends and contralateral arm flexes
-prepares infant for voluntary reaching and crawling
-3-7 months
what is the babinski reflex, purpose, disappearance
stroking sole of foot then extension of toes
-evolutionary remnant from quadrupedal walking
-9-12 months
what is stepping reflex, purpose, disappearance
holding infant with feet touching surface then rough stepping pattern
-prepares for walking
-2 months (legs too heavy)
what are the rapid increases in for infant to toddler
-musculoskeletal system
-neural development
how is infant to toddler development multidimensional
cognitive and motor skills develop in parallel and influence each other
how does motor development trend in the body
cephalocaudal - head downwards
proximodistal - centre to periphery
what development happens in childhood (7-8)
learning novel fine and gross motor skills
what development happens in young adulthood (18-30)
-peak performance
-improved accuracy
-improved reaction and movement times
what development happens in middle adulthood (30-65)
-sensorimotor control begins to slow
what is sarcopenia
-loss in muscle fibre size and number
-decrease in strength and endurance
what development happens in older adulthood
-decreasing of neural connections
- slowing of neural transmission
-strength and endurance continue to decrease
