motor control + motor learning

Question 1

Motor Control

Answer 1

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

what are the 2 motor control strategies

Answer 2

feed-forward strategy
feed-back strategy

Question 3

feed-forward strategy

Answer 3

anticipatory movements
(catching a ball)

Question 4

feed-back strategy

Answer 4

refined movements
(flexing to adjust to the ball’s weight)

Question 5

movement emerges from the interaction of what 3 factors

Answer 5

individual
task
environment

Question 6

3 interactions of “individual”

Answer 6

cognition
perception
action

Question 7

3 interactions of “task”

Answer 7

mobility
stability
manipulation

Question 8

2 interactions of “environment”

Answer 8

regulatory
nonregulatory

Question 9

degrees of freedom problem

Answer 9

choosing among equivalent solutions + coordinating the muscles involved

basically how we move varies to complete a task

Question 10

Individual Action

Answer 10

high # of joints/fibers controlled during coordinated, functional movement

Question 11

Individual Perception

Answer 11

sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

Question 12

is perception afferent or efferent

Answer 12

afferent

Question 13

Individual Cognition

Answer 13

attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control

Question 14

single vs dual task cognition

Answer 14

its harder to perform cognition while doing a motor task

Question 15

the nature of the task being performed determines…

Answer 15

the type of movement needed

Question 16

critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms

Answer 16

classifications

Question 17

regulatory environment

Answer 17

movement must conform to regulatory features

Question 18

nonregulatory environment

Answer 18

movements don’t need to conform because nonregulatory aren’t as direct (ex: background noise, light)

Question 19

2 theories of motor control

Answer 19

systems theory
dynamic system theory

Question 20

systems theory

Answer 20

body has many degrees of freedom that need to be controlled

Question 21

what patients have trouble with the systems theory

Answer 21

stroke patients

Question 22

in the systems theory, movements emerge from

Answer 22

body system
external forces
variations in the initial condition

Question 23

difference between systems theory and dynamic systems theory

Answer 23

de-emphasizing the notion of commands from CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations

Question 24

dynamic systems theory

Answer 24

focused on the physical explanation

Question 25

why is optimal variability good?

Answer 25

provides flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes

Question 26

what happens with too little or too much variability?

Answer 26

too little leads to injury too much can impair movement (ataxia)

Question 27

what is the theoretical framework the basis of

Answer 27

clinical methods related to examination and intervention in all patients

Question 28

reacuisition

Answer 28

recovery of lost function

Question 29

motor learning

Answer 29

study of recovery/modification of movement

Question 30

how does process of motor learning happen

Answer 30

perception cognition action process

Question 31

performance vs learning

Answer 31

performance is temporary and learning is relatively permanent

Question 32

what are the teaching strategies therapists use

Answer 32

instruction feedback practice motivation

Question 33

closed loop

Answer 33

control achieved by feedback to where the actual response conforms to the desired response

Question 34

open loop

Answer 34

no position feedback of a moving object execution of preprogrammed movements "muscle memory"

Question 35

cognitive stage

Answer 35

what is it that must be done lots of errors and cognitive activity

Question 36

associative stage

Answer 36

how should it be done beginning to refine the skill

Question 37

autonomous stage

Answer 37

what presents success skill is done automatically with low level of attention prepared for dual tasks

Question 38

novice stage

Answer 38

learner simplifies the movement by stiffening body to try to control the degree of freedom

Question 39

advanced stage

Answer 39

degrees of freedom are being refines, less stiff, and more coordinated

Question 40

expert stage

Answer 40

energy use is more efficient and full degree of freedom used

Question 41

gentile 2 stage model

Answer 41

1. understand the requirements of the movement 2. refine the movement

Question 42

close skilled requires...

Answer 42

fixation minimal environmental variation and require movement consistency

Question 43

open skills require...

Answer 43

diversification performed in changing environments and movement diversity

Question 44

acquisition/practice phase

Answer 44

initial fumbling attemps skills are learned/releared "PERFORMANCE"

Question 45

retention/transfer phase

Answer 45

mastery of skill info stored for retrieval and application "LEARNING"

Question 46

practice should be

Answer 46

task specific, variable, accurate, and active

Question 47

intrinsic feedback

Answer 47

sensory sources ex: visual, kinesthetic awareness, proprioception

Question 48

extrinsic feedback

Answer 48

comes from the external resources (throwing a ball and missing the target)

Question 49

massed vs distributed

Answer 49

greater practice time more than rest time vs rest being equal or more than practice time

Question 50

constant vs variable

Answer 50

practicing in same parameters vs variety of parameters

Question 51

random vs blocked

Answer 51

performing motor tasks randomly vs a fixed order

Question 52

whole vs part

Answer 52

practicing the whole movement

Question 53

transfer practice condition

Answer 53

amount of transfer is dependent on similarity between 2 tasks/environments

Question 54

mental practice

Answer 54

supplementary motor cortex; does enhance skill acquisition

Question 55

guidance vs discovery

Answer 55

presence of physical guidance vs unguided conditions

Question 56

what are the 2 key elements when working with older patients

Answer 56

a combo of principles of motor learning and environment in which the skills are practiced

Question 57

what practice is highly effective in older adults

Answer 57

mental practice

Question 58

Knowledge of results (KR)

Answer 58

terminal, concrete feedback like a score

Question 59

Knowledge of performance (KP)

Answer 59

focuses on how well the athlete did in the process