motor control + motor learning Flashcards
Motor Control
the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
what are the 2 motor control strategies
feed-forward strategy
feed-back strategy
feed-forward strategy
anticipatory movements
(catching a ball)
feed-back strategy
refined movements
(flexing to adjust to the ball’s weight)
movement emerges from the interaction of what 3 factors
individual
task
environment
3 interactions of “individual”
cognition
perception
action
3 interactions of “task”
mobility
stability
manipulation
2 interactions of “environment”
regulatory
nonregulatory
degrees of freedom problem
choosing among equivalent solutions + coordinating the muscles involved
basically how we move varies to complete a task
Individual Action
high # of joints/fibers controlled during coordinated, functional movement
Individual Perception
sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information
is perception afferent or efferent
afferent
Individual Cognition
attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects of motor control
single vs dual task cognition
its harder to perform cognition while doing a motor task
the nature of the task being performed determines…
the type of movement needed
critical attributes that regulate neural control mechanisms
classifications
regulatory environment
movement must conform to regulatory features
nonregulatory environment
movements don’t need to conform because nonregulatory aren’t as direct (ex: background noise, light)
2 theories of motor control
systems theory
dynamic system theory
systems theory
body has many degrees of freedom that need to be controlled
what patients have trouble with the systems theory
stroke patients
in the systems theory, movements emerge from
body system
external forces
variations in the initial condition
difference between systems theory and dynamic systems theory
de-emphasizing the notion of commands from CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations
dynamic systems theory
focused on the physical explanation
why is optimal variability good?
provides flexible, adaptive strategies and allows for adjustment to environmental changes
what happens with too little or too much variability?
too little leads to injury
too much can impair movement (ataxia)
what is the theoretical framework the basis of
clinical methods related to examination and intervention in all patients
reacuisition
recovery of lost function
motor learning
study of recovery/modification of movement
how does process of motor learning happen
perception
cognition
action process
performance vs learning
performance is temporary and learning is relatively permanent
what are the teaching strategies therapists use
instruction
feedback
practice
motivation
closed loop
control achieved by feedback to where the actual response conforms to the desired response
open loop
no position feedback of a moving object
execution of preprogrammed movements
“muscle memory”
cognitive stage
what is it that must be done
lots of errors and cognitive activity
associative stage
how should it be done
beginning to refine the skill
autonomous stage
what presents success
skill is done automatically with low level of attention
prepared for dual tasks
novice stage
learner simplifies the movement by stiffening body to try to control the degree of freedom
advanced stage
degrees of freedom are being refines, less stiff, and more coordinated
expert stage
energy use is more efficient and full degree of freedom used
gentile 2 stage model
- understand the requirements of the movement
- refine the movement
close skilled requires…
fixation
minimal environmental variation and require movement consistency
open skills require…
diversification
performed in changing environments and movement diversity
acquisition/practice phase
initial fumbling attemps
skills are learned/releared
“PERFORMANCE”
retention/transfer phase
mastery of skill
info stored for retrieval and application
“LEARNING”
practice should be
task specific, variable, accurate, and active
intrinsic feedback
sensory sources
ex: visual, kinesthetic awareness, proprioception
extrinsic feedback
comes from the external resources
(throwing a ball and missing the target)
massed vs distributed
greater practice time more than rest time vs rest being equal or more than practice time
constant vs variable
practicing in same parameters vs variety of parameters
random vs blocked
performing motor tasks randomly vs a fixed order
whole vs part
practicing the whole movement
transfer practice condition
amount of transfer is dependent on similarity between 2 tasks/environments
mental practice
supplementary motor cortex; does enhance skill acquisition
guidance vs discovery
presence of physical guidance vs unguided conditions
what are the 2 key elements when working with older patients
a combo of principles of motor learning and environment in which the skills are practiced
what practice is highly effective in older adults
mental practice
Knowledge of results (KR)
terminal, concrete feedback like a score
Knowledge of performance (KP)
focuses on how well the athlete did in the process
