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developmental final > geriatrics (1 + 2) > Flashcards

geriatrics (1 + 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what percent of people over 65 are in nursing homes

A

4%

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2
Q

____ is associated with earlier death (7.5 years), poorer physical and mental health, and poor health behaviors

A

ageism

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3
Q

what is ageism

A

stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination based on age

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4
Q

in 2020, people 65 and over comprised of ___% of the population in the US

A

20%

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5
Q

for every 100 women between the ages of 65-74, there are ___ men

A

86

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6
Q

___% of people over 85 live in long term care facilities

A

15%

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7
Q

primary aging

A

inevitable
affects all systems

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8
Q

secondary aging

A

caused by lifestyle, environment, and disease

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9
Q

____% to ____% muscle loss per decade after 50

A

12-15%

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10
Q

neuromuscular red flags in aging

A

confusion, seizures, sudden incontinence, gait abnormalities

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11
Q

what is the #1 cause of death in the US in older populations

A

heart disease

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12
Q

VO2 max declines __% per decade after 20

A

10%

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13
Q

cataracts

A

clouding of lens due to protein buildup

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14
Q

cataracts occur in ___% of 75 year olds

A

70%

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15
Q

glaucoma

A

loss of peripheral vision

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16
Q

macular degeneration

A

loss of clarity at center of visual field

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17
Q

retinopathy

A

damaged blood vessels in eyes

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18
Q

integumentary system makes up __% of our body weight

A

15%

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19
Q

what is the largest organ in the body

A

skin

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20
Q

a pressure sore can develop within how many hours

A

2 hours

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21
Q

how is long term memory and procedural memory affected by age

A

it isn’t! these are relatively stable

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22
Q

mild cognitive impairment (MCI) affects ___% of people age 65-74, and __% of people age 85+

A

19%
38%

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23
Q

mild cognitive impairment increases risk for

A

alzheimer’s

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24
Q

what is the most common form of dementia

A

alzheimer’s

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25
Q

delirium vs dementia

A

delirium is SUDDEN change of mental function whereas dementia happens over time

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26
Q

what are some symptoms of delirium

A

UTI
dehydration
hospitalization
drug interactions

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27
Q

what is the most common mental health condition in people over 65

A

depression

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28
Q

__% to __% of the older population has depression

A

11-16%

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29
Q

PHQ-2

A

2 question screening tool to identify depression

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30
Q

what are the 2 questions on the PHQ-2

A
  1. have you ever felt down, depressed, or hopeless
  2. have you felt little interest or pleasure in doing things?
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31
Q

a score of 3 or higher on the PHQ-2 indicates…

A

likelihood of major depressive disorder

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32
Q

cancer incidence has increased by __% in older adults in the last 30 years

A

26%

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33
Q

__x more likelihood of developing cancer as an older adult than younger

A

11x

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34
Q

African-Americans, American Indians, and Pacific Islanders are more susceptible to…

A

type 2 diabetes

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35
Q

what are the 4 degrees of frailty

A
  1. fit
  2. mild frailty (prefrail)
  3. moderate frailty
  4. severe frailty (end stage)
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36
Q

what are the 3 main risks of developing a stroke

A
  1. age
  2. high blood pressure
  3. diabetes
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37
Q

__% of women 65+ have had a UTI within 12 months

A

10%

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38
Q

4 things to look for in potential stroke patients

A

face
arms
speech
time

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39
Q

what type of infection can mimic dementia symptoms

A

UTIs

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40
Q

how many times more likely are primary older adults to have pneumonia

A

4x

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41
Q

how many times more likely are primary older adults to be hospitalized from pneumonia

A

5x

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42
Q

what is the second leading cause of hospital acquired infection

A

pneumonia

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43
Q

pneumonia occurs in __% to __% of all hospital admissions

A

8-10%

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44
Q

pneumonia leads to__% of all diagnosis of sepsis

A

50%

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45
Q

what % of people die from pneumonia

A

33%

46
Q

bone density score of osteoporosis

A

< -2.5 s.d. below 0

47
Q

bone density score of osteopenia

A

<-1 s.d. below 0

48
Q

what age is peak bone density

A

30

49
Q

t/f: MCI interferes with ADLs

A

false

it reduces the person’s capabilities compared to others in their age group/education level, but ADLs remain

50
Q

4 atypical changes due to aging

A

mood changes
visuospatial changes
memory changes
communication difficulties

50
Q

what type of condition has an inverse relationship with education

A

mild cognitive impairment (MCI)

51
Q

PHQ-2

A

screening tool to identify depression in patients

52
Q

what score on the PHQ-2 indicates a likelihood of major depressive disorder

A

3 or higher (out of 6 points total)

53
Q

what is the highest cause of geriatric mortality

A

heart disease

54
Q

polypharmacy

A

excesive or inappropriate use of medications

55
Q

adults over 65 purchase over __% of all prescription medications

A

30%

56
Q

___% of older people take at least 1 unnecessary drug

A

50%

57
Q

average older adult takes ___ medications.

average nursing home resident takes ___ medications

A

5 meds
7 meds

58
Q

how does aging affect absorption of drugs

A

decreased gastric acid
decreased stomach emptying
decreased gastric motility

59
Q

how does aging affect distribution of drugs

A

decreased body water
increased body fat
decreased plasma proteins
decreased lean body mass

60
Q

how does aging affect metabolism of drugs

A

decreased liver mass
decreased blood flow to liver
decreased enzyme activity

61
Q

how does aging affect excretion of drugs

A

decreased kidney mass
decreased blood flow to kidneys
decreased nephron function

62
Q

what 4 medications are most commonly overprescribed

A

laxatives
Blood pressure meds
Diuretics
Diabetes meds

63
Q

what drugs could cause CONFUSION symptoms in older adults

A

antidepressants
analgesics
lithium

64
Q

what drugs could cause DEPRESSIVE symptoms in older adults

A

barbiturates
antihypertensives

65
Q

what drugs could cause FATIGUE/WEAKNESS symptoms in older adults

A

diuretics
glucocorticoids

66
Q

what drugs could cause GI symptoms in older adults

A

NSAIDS

67
Q

what is the key way of preventing polypharmacy

A

patient education

68
Q

___% of people over the age of 65 reported at least ___ fall(s) in a year

A

29%
1 fall/year

69
Q

medical treatment for falls cost more than ______ each year

A

$50 billion

70
Q

what is the leading cause of death or hospitalization form injury in older adults

A

falls

71
Q

3 medications that increase risk of falls

A

benzodiazepine
diuretics
sedatives

72
Q

what is the cut-off speed for community ambulation

A

0.8m/s

73
Q

what is the walking speed for independent ADLs

A

1-1.5 m/s

74
Q

household walker speed

A

0-0.4 m/s

75
Q

what sensory systems are involved with balance training

A

somatosensory
vestibular
visual

76
Q

2 endurance tests to measure fall risk

A

6 min walk test
2 min step test

77
Q

5 balance tests to measure fall risk

A

berg balance scale
sharpened romberg
4 square step test
functional reach test
miniBEST

78
Q

4 functional tests to measure fall risk

A

5x sit to stands
30s sit to stands
TUG test
10m walk test

79
Q

cut off time for fall risk TUG test? what about for community dwelling adults?

A

13.5s
8.5s for community dwelling adults

80
Q

cut off time for fall risk on 5x sit to stand

A

11.4s

81
Q

cut off score for fall risk on BERG

A

45/56

82
Q

5 types of disabilities

A

ambulation
cognitive
visual
hearing
medical

83
Q

define disability

A

mental or physical impairment that limits major activities in life in one or more ways

84
Q

what % of people over 65 have a disability

A

34%

85
Q

what is the most prevalent disability amongst the geriatric population?

What % of people 65 and older have this disability?

A

ambulatory
21%

86
Q

ADL’s vs IADL’s

A

basic day to day activities (bathing, dressing, eating, etc)
vs
help you stay living INDEPENDENTLY FUNCTIONAL (shopping, cooking, cleaning, etc)

87
Q

medicare

A

for 65+ or people disabilities

(AID the poor vs CARE for the elderly)

88
Q

medicaid

A

low income
pregnant/responsible for minor
people with disabilities

(AID the poor vs CARE for the elderly)

89
Q

required ambulation distance for discharging an older patient for INDEPENDENT living

A

400m

90
Q

required gait speed for discharging an older patient for INDEPENDENT living

A

1.2 m/s

91
Q

what is the required weight of being able to carry an object (like a gallon of milk) for discharging an older patient for INDEPENDENT living

A

8 lbs

92
Q

what 3 terrains are patients required to walk on comfortably for discharging an older patient for INDEPENDENT living

A

carpet
grass
uneven surfaces

93
Q

patient in an IPR facility will have ___ hours of therapy per day

A

3 hours

94
Q

what is an SNF

A

skilled nursing facility

95
Q

what is the functional capacity of an individual discharged to home health

A

limited ambulation for community but is safe to be at home and is functional

96
Q

what does a typical patient present as in LTAC

A

high complexity of medical needs
poorer prognosis
less need for skilled therapy

97
Q

what does palliative care address

A

psychological
social
spiritual

98
Q

what does hospice care address

A

end of life care for terminal illnesses
aims to manage pain and symptoms

99
Q

what is the life expectancy for people in hospice care

A

6 months or less

100
Q

what type of illnesses do patients have in palliative care

A

chronic and serious illness

(not quite terminal illness or it would be hospice care)

101
Q

what facility would a patient be put in if they are unable to participate in 3 hours of PT a day and are moderately functional

A

skilled nursing facility

102
Q

advanced care directives

A

allows individuals to identify their preferences for care when they are unable to do so themselves

103
Q

MOLST/POLST

A

Medical/Physician orders for life sustaining treatment

104
Q

power of attorney

A

appoints an individual to make decisions on one’s behalf

105
Q

adults lose as much as __% of their strength between ages 60-90

A

40%

106
Q

what is a good exercise option for aerobic and strength training for patients who cannot tolerate weight bearing well

A

aquatic exercise

107
Q

Aerobic FITT recommendations for geriatric populations

A

F: 5-7 days/week
I: moderate tp vigorous
T: 20-30 min/day for 150+ min/week
T: prolonged, rhythmic activity

108
Q

strengthening FITT recommendations for geriatric populations

A

F: 2-3 days/week
I: moderate to vigorous (60-80% 1RM)
T: n/a
T: 2-4 sets of 8-12 reps (major muscle groups)

109
Q

flexibility FITT recommendations for geriatric populations

A

Frequency: 2-3+ days/week
Intensity: to feeling of tightness or slight discomfort
Time: hold 60 seconds 2-4 reps
Type: major muscle groups

110
Q

frequency + time geriatric population should work on balance exercises

A

3+ days/week
2hr/week

developmental final (9 decks)

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