cardiopulmonary system Flashcards
when does vasculature development occur
3-4 weeks after conception
tunica externa
outer connective tissue layer of blood vessel
tunica intima
inner endothelial layer of blood vessel
tunica media
middle smooth muscle layer of blood vessel
characteristics of large elastic arteries
elastic fibers (for expansion and recoil)
maintains CONSTANT flow of blood during diastole
characteristics of medium muscular arteries
smooth muscle fibers to control blood flow and regulate diameter of vessel
what is the function of small arteries and arterioles
controls the filling of capillaries
3 classes of veins
- large veins
- med/small veins
- venules
characteristics of veins that differentiate them from arteries
larger and more compliant
thinner walls
large lumens (blood reservoir)
where are one-way valves typically found
veins inferior to the heart
what kind of cells differentiate into vessels and when does this occur
mesodermal cells
ONLY during embryonic development
when does angiogenesis occur
embryonic development and throughout life
where are baroreceptors located and what is the function
aorta and carotid sinus
detects changes in blood pressure
where are chemoreceptors located and what is the function
aorta and carotid bodies
detects changes in blood pH and O2 levels
when do heart and vessels develop
week 3
when does heart begin to beat and pump blood
week 4
when does the heart develop 4 chambers
week 7
foramen ovale bypasses
right atrium to left atrium
ductus arteriosus bypasses
right pulmonary artery to aorta
ductus venosus bypasses
inferior vena cava to umbilical vein
foramen ovale turns into what new structure
fossa ovalis
ductus arteriosus turns into what new structure
ligamentum arteriosum
umbilical vein turns into what new structure
ligamentum teres
ductus venosus turns into what new structure
ligamentum venosum
umbilical arteries turn into what new structure
lateral umbilical ligaments
what % of births have congenital heart disease
1%
what is the leading non-infectious cause of death in the first year of life
congenital heart disease
what part of the heart becomes 2x as thick by adulthood
left ventricle
how does the heart orientation change as a baby grows
starts horizontal and then turns vertical due to lung expansion and growth
heart volume at:
birth
6 months
2 years
birth: 40 mL
6 mo: 80 mL
2 yr: 160 mL
what is the ratio of heart volume to body weight
10 mL/kg of body weight
at birth, there is __ vessel for every __ muscle fibers
1
6
heart vascularization ratio in adulthood
1:1
are fetal hemoglobin levels higher or post-natal
fetal is higher
fetal blood has more ___ and less ___ whereas infants have less ___ and more ___
fetal blood has more HEMOGLOBIN and less O2 whereas infants have less O2 and more HEMOGLOBIN
umbilical vein O2 saturation level vs after birth O2 saturation
70% vs 97%
newborn hemoglobin levels
20 g/100mL
3-6 month old hemoglobin levels
10 g/100mL
adult hemoglobin levels
14-16g/mL
which goes up as you age and which goes down:
blood volume
stroke volume
heart rate
blood pressure
blood volume goes up
stroke volume goes up
heart rate goes down
blood pressure goes up
why may heart size increase in adulthood
fatty deposition
what happens to vessels when you get older
thicker, stiffer, and less flexible
what is the leading cause of death in adults
heart disease
what are the 2 zones the pulmonary system
conducting zone
respiratory zone
what is the respiratory zone of the pulmonary system comprised of
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
what is the conducting zone of the pulmonary system comprised of
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
bronchial dilation is controlled by the _____ nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
bronchial constriction is controlled by the _____ nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
what are the principal muscles of ventilation
external intercostals
diaphragm
what are the accessory muscles of ventilation
sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
pec minor
what are the active breathing muscles of ventilation
internal intercostals
abdominals
QL
tidal volume
amount of air inhaled/exhaled at rest with each breath
residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration
minute ventilation
total volume of air inspired/expired in one minute
when do lung buds and trachea/bronchi differentiation develop in gestation
4-8 weeks
when does the conducting zone develop
8 weeks
when is surfactant produced
24 weeks
at birth, the ribcage is oriented ________
horizontally
after sitting, what changes are made to the structure of the ribcage/ventilatory structures (4)
Ribs become angled
Diaphragm forms a dome shape
Ventilatory muscles become stronger
Increased efficiency of breathing
what age do alveoli stop increasing in numbers
8 years old
functional impairments are evident beginning in the ___ decade of life (or give an age)
7th decade
60s
what age is smooth muscle in arterial walls fully developed
19 years old
3 implications of children having smaller airways
increased bronchiole collapse occurrence
increased work of breathing
increased risk of respiratory infection until 6-8yrs old
why do lungs decrease in compliance and elasticity when we age
changes in collagen and elastin
vital capacity __(increases/decreases)__ while residual volume __(increases/decreases)__
decreases (VC)
increases (RV)
what happens to the capillary bed around alveoli as we age
it gets smaller
what are the trends for HR, BP, and RR as we age
decreased HR
increased BP
decreased RR
cardiac output equation + what it is measuring
SV x HR = CO
efficiency of the cardiovascular system
minute ventilation equation + what it is measuring
Tidal vol x RR = min ventilation
efficiency of the pulmonary system
maximal aerobic capacity measures …
maximal ability to transport and use O2 for energy production
