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developmental final > cardiopulmonary system > Flashcards

cardiopulmonary system Flashcards

1
Q

when does vasculature development occur

A

3-4 weeks after conception

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2
Q

tunica externa

A

outer connective tissue layer of blood vessel

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3
Q

tunica intima

A

inner endothelial layer of blood vessel

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4
Q

tunica media

A

middle smooth muscle layer of blood vessel

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5
Q

characteristics of large elastic arteries

A

elastic fibers (for expansion and recoil)
maintains CONSTANT flow of blood during diastole

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6
Q

characteristics of medium muscular arteries

A

smooth muscle fibers to control blood flow and regulate diameter of vessel

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7
Q

what is the function of small arteries and arterioles

A

controls the filling of capillaries

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8
Q

3 classes of veins

A
  1. large veins
  2. med/small veins
  3. venules
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9
Q

characteristics of veins that differentiate them from arteries

A

larger and more compliant
thinner walls
large lumens (blood reservoir)

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10
Q

where are one-way valves typically found

A

veins inferior to the heart

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11
Q

what kind of cells differentiate into vessels and when does this occur

A

mesodermal cells
ONLY during embryonic development

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12
Q

when does angiogenesis occur

A

embryonic development and throughout life

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13
Q

where are baroreceptors located and what is the function

A

aorta and carotid sinus
detects changes in blood pressure

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14
Q

where are chemoreceptors located and what is the function

A

aorta and carotid bodies
detects changes in blood pH and O2 levels

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15
Q

when do heart and vessels develop

A

week 3

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16
Q

when does heart begin to beat and pump blood

A

week 4

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17
Q

when does the heart develop 4 chambers

A

week 7

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18
Q

foramen ovale bypasses

A

right atrium to left atrium

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19
Q

ductus arteriosus bypasses

A

right pulmonary artery to aorta

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20
Q

ductus venosus bypasses

A

inferior vena cava to umbilical vein

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21
Q

foramen ovale turns into what new structure

A

fossa ovalis

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22
Q

ductus arteriosus turns into what new structure

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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23
Q

umbilical vein turns into what new structure

A

ligamentum teres

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24
Q

ductus venosus turns into what new structure

A

ligamentum venosum

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25
Q

umbilical arteries turn into what new structure

A

lateral umbilical ligaments

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26
Q

what % of births have congenital heart disease

A

1%

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27
Q

what is the leading non-infectious cause of death in the first year of life

A

congenital heart disease

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28
Q

what part of the heart becomes 2x as thick by adulthood

A

left ventricle

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29
Q

how does the heart orientation change as a baby grows

A

starts horizontal and then turns vertical due to lung expansion and growth

30
Q

heart volume at:
birth
6 months
2 years

A

birth: 40 mL
6 mo: 80 mL
2 yr: 160 mL

31
Q

what is the ratio of heart volume to body weight

A

10 mL/kg of body weight

32
Q

at birth, there is __ vessel for every __ muscle fibers

A

1
6

33
Q

heart vascularization ratio in adulthood

A

1:1

34
Q

are fetal hemoglobin levels higher or post-natal

A

fetal is higher

35
Q

fetal blood has more ___ and less ___ whereas infants have less ___ and more ___

A

fetal blood has more HEMOGLOBIN and less O2 whereas infants have less O2 and more HEMOGLOBIN

36
Q

umbilical vein O2 saturation level vs after birth O2 saturation

A

70% vs 97%

37
Q

newborn hemoglobin levels

A

20 g/100mL

38
Q

3-6 month old hemoglobin levels

A

10 g/100mL

39
Q

adult hemoglobin levels

A

14-16g/mL

40
Q

which goes up as you age and which goes down:

blood volume
stroke volume
heart rate
blood pressure

A

blood volume goes up
stroke volume goes up
heart rate goes down
blood pressure goes up

41
Q

why may heart size increase in adulthood

A

fatty deposition

42
Q

what happens to vessels when you get older

A

thicker, stiffer, and less flexible

43
Q

what is the leading cause of death in adults

A

heart disease

44
Q

what are the 2 zones the pulmonary system

A

conducting zone
respiratory zone

45
Q

what is the respiratory zone of the pulmonary system comprised of

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

46
Q

what is the conducting zone of the pulmonary system comprised of

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

47
Q

bronchial dilation is controlled by the _____ nervous system

A

sympathetic nervous system

48
Q

bronchial constriction is controlled by the _____ nervous system

A

parasympathetic nervous system

49
Q

what are the principal muscles of ventilation

A

external intercostals
diaphragm

50
Q

what are the accessory muscles of ventilation

A

sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
pec minor

51
Q

what are the active breathing muscles of ventilation

A

internal intercostals
abdominals
QL

52
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled/exhaled at rest with each breath

53
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration

54
Q

minute ventilation

A

total volume of air inspired/expired in one minute

55
Q

when do lung buds and trachea/bronchi differentiation develop in gestation

A

4-8 weeks

56
Q

when does the conducting zone develop

A

8 weeks

57
Q

when is surfactant produced

A

24 weeks

58
Q

at birth, the ribcage is oriented ________

A

horizontally

59
Q

after sitting, what changes are made to the structure of the ribcage/ventilatory structures (4)

A

Ribs become angled
Diaphragm forms a dome shape
Ventilatory muscles become stronger
Increased efficiency of breathing

60
Q

what age do alveoli stop increasing in numbers

A

8 years old

61
Q

functional impairments are evident beginning in the ___ decade of life (or give an age)

A

7th decade
60s

62
Q

what age is smooth muscle in arterial walls fully developed

A

19 years old

63
Q

3 implications of children having smaller airways

A

increased bronchiole collapse occurrence
increased work of breathing
increased risk of respiratory infection until 6-8yrs old

64
Q

why do lungs decrease in compliance and elasticity when we age

A

changes in collagen and elastin

65
Q

vital capacity __(increases/decreases)__ while residual volume __(increases/decreases)__

A

decreases (VC)
increases (RV)

66
Q

what happens to the capillary bed around alveoli as we age

A

it gets smaller

67
Q

what are the trends for HR, BP, and RR as we age

A

decreased HR
increased BP
decreased RR

68
Q

cardiac output equation + what it is measuring

A

SV x HR = CO
efficiency of the cardiovascular system

69
Q

minute ventilation equation + what it is measuring

A

Tidal vol x RR = min ventilation
efficiency of the pulmonary system

70
Q

maximal aerobic capacity measures …

A

maximal ability to transport and use O2 for energy production

developmental final (9 decks)

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