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cardiopulmonary system Flashcards

1
Q

when does vasculature development occur

A

3-4 weeks after conception

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2
Q

tunica externa

A

outer connective tissue layer of blood vessel

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3
Q

tunica intima

A

inner endothelial layer of blood vessel

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4
Q

tunica media

A

middle smooth muscle layer of blood vessel

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5
Q

characteristics of large elastic arteries

A

elastic fibers (for expansion and recoil)
maintains CONSTANT flow of blood during diastole

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6
Q

characteristics of medium muscular arteries

A

smooth muscle fibers to control blood flow and regulate diameter of vessel

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7
Q

what is the function of small arteries and arterioles

A

controls the filling of capillaries

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8
Q

3 classes of veins

A
  1. large veins
  2. med/small veins
  3. venules
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9
Q

characteristics of veins that differentiate them from arteries

A

larger and more compliant
thinner walls
large lumens (blood reservoir)

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10
Q

where are one-way valves typically found

A

veins inferior to the heart

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11
Q

what kind of cells differentiate into vessels and when does this occur

A

mesodermal cells
ONLY during embryonic development

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12
Q

when does angiogenesis occur

A

embryonic development and throughout life

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13
Q

where are baroreceptors located and what is the function

A

aorta and carotid sinus
detects changes in blood pressure

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14
Q

where are chemoreceptors located and what is the function

A

aorta and carotid bodies
detects changes in blood pH and O2 levels

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15
Q

when do heart and vessels develop

A

week 3

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16
Q

when does heart begin to beat and pump blood

A

week 4

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17
Q

when does the heart develop 4 chambers

A

week 7

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18
Q

foramen ovale bypasses

A

right atrium to left atrium

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19
Q

ductus arteriosus bypasses

A

right pulmonary artery to aorta

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20
Q

ductus venosus bypasses

A

inferior vena cava to umbilical vein

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21
Q

foramen ovale turns into what new structure

A

fossa ovalis

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22
Q

ductus arteriosus turns into what new structure

A

ligamentum arteriosum

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23
Q

umbilical vein turns into what new structure

A

ligamentum teres

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24
Q

ductus venosus turns into what new structure

A

ligamentum venosum

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25
umbilical arteries turn into what new structure
lateral umbilical ligaments
26
what % of births have congenital heart disease
1%
27
what is the leading non-infectious cause of death in the first year of life
congenital heart disease
28
what part of the heart becomes 2x as thick by adulthood
left ventricle
29
how does the heart orientation change as a baby grows
starts horizontal and then turns vertical due to lung expansion and growth
30
heart volume at: birth 6 months 2 years
birth: 40 mL 6 mo: 80 mL 2 yr: 160 mL
31
what is the ratio of heart volume to body weight
10 mL/kg of body weight
32
at birth, there is __ vessel for every __ muscle fibers
1 6
33
heart vascularization ratio in adulthood
1:1
34
are fetal hemoglobin levels higher or post-natal
fetal is higher
35
fetal blood has more ___ and less ___ whereas infants have less ___ and more ___
fetal blood has more HEMOGLOBIN and less O2 whereas infants have less O2 and more HEMOGLOBIN
36
umbilical vein O2 saturation level vs after birth O2 saturation
70% vs 97%
37
newborn hemoglobin levels
20 g/100mL
38
3-6 month old hemoglobin levels
10 g/100mL
39
adult hemoglobin levels
14-16g/mL
40
which goes up as you age and which goes down: blood volume stroke volume heart rate blood pressure
blood volume goes up stroke volume goes up heart rate goes down blood pressure goes up
41
why may heart size increase in adulthood
fatty deposition
42
what happens to vessels when you get older
thicker, stiffer, and less flexible
43
what is the leading cause of death in adults
heart disease
44
what are the 2 zones the pulmonary system
conducting zone respiratory zone
45
what is the respiratory zone of the pulmonary system comprised of
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
46
what is the conducting zone of the pulmonary system comprised of
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
47
bronchial dilation is controlled by the _____ nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
48
bronchial constriction is controlled by the _____ nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
49
what are the principal muscles of ventilation
external intercostals diaphragm
50
what are the accessory muscles of ventilation
sternocleidomastoid scalenes pec minor
51
what are the active breathing muscles of ventilation
internal intercostals abdominals QL
52
tidal volume
amount of air inhaled/exhaled at rest with each breath
53
residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration
54
minute ventilation
total volume of air inspired/expired in one minute
55
when do lung buds and trachea/bronchi differentiation develop in gestation
4-8 weeks
56
when does the conducting zone develop
8 weeks
57
when is surfactant produced
24 weeks
58
at birth, the ribcage is oriented ________
horizontally
59
after sitting, what changes are made to the structure of the ribcage/ventilatory structures (4)
Ribs become angled Diaphragm forms a dome shape Ventilatory muscles become stronger Increased efficiency of breathing
60
what age do alveoli stop increasing in numbers
8 years old
61
functional impairments are evident beginning in the ___ decade of life (or give an age)
7th decade 60s
62
what age is smooth muscle in arterial walls fully developed
19 years old
63
3 implications of children having smaller airways
increased bronchiole collapse occurrence increased work of breathing increased risk of respiratory infection until 6-8yrs old
64
why do lungs decrease in compliance and elasticity when we age
changes in collagen and elastin
65
vital capacity __(increases/decreases)__ while residual volume __(increases/decreases)__
decreases (VC) increases (RV)
66
what happens to the capillary bed around alveoli as we age
it gets smaller
67
what are the trends for HR, BP, and RR as we age
decreased HR increased BP decreased RR
68
cardiac output equation + what it is measuring
SV x HR = CO efficiency of the cardiovascular system
69
minute ventilation equation + what it is measuring
Tidal vol x RR = min ventilation efficiency of the pulmonary system
70
maximal aerobic capacity measures ...
maximal ability to transport and use O2 for energy production

developmental final (9 decks)

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