development + postural control Flashcards
infancy age
birth - 1 year
neonatal age
birth to 2 weeks
infant age
3 weeks - 12 months
toddlerhood age
13 months - 2 years 11 months
preschool age
3 years - 5 years
elementary school age
5 years - 10 years 11 months
adolescence age
11 years - 18 years
young adulthood age
18 - 22/25
adulthood age
22/25-40
middle age
40 - 65
late adulthood
65+
what age is considered advanced maternal age
35+
erik erikson’s age for infancy
0-1
erik erikson’s age for early childhood
1-3
erik erikson’s age for play age
3-6
erik erikson’s age for school age
6-12
erik erikson’s age for adolescence
12-19
erik erikson’s age for early adulthood
20-25
erik erikson’s age for adulthood
26-64
erik erikson’s age for old age
65-death
infancy conflict according to erik erikson
basic trust vs mistrust
early childhood conflict according to erik erikson
autonomy vs shame
play age conflict according to erik erikson
initiative vs guilt
school age conflict according to erik erikson
industry vs inferiority
adolescence conflict according to erik erikson
identity vs confusion
early adulthood conflict according to erik erikson
intimacy vs isolation
adulthood conflict according to erik erikson
generativity vs stagnation
old age conflict according to erik erikson
integrity vs despair
the ability to control the center of mass in relationship to the
base of support
postural stability
the ability to maintain an appropriate relationship between the body segments and between the body and the environment for a task
postural orientation
involves controlling the body’s position in space for the dual purposes of stability and orientation
postural control
where is your COM
just anterior to S2 in the upright position
the center of the distribution of the total force applied to the
supporting surface
center of pressure
____ moves continuously around the COM to keep the COM within the support base
center of pressure
ideal body alignment
Vertical line of gravity falls in the midline between:
* Mastoid process
* Anterior to shoulder joints
* Hip joints (or just posterior)
* Anterior to knee joints
* Anterior to ankle joints
what is quiet stance
small amount of spontaneous postural sway as the body moves within its base of support
Limits of stability
ability to maintain the projected COM within the limits of the BOS
steady-state control
the ability to control the COM relative to the BOS in fairly predictable and
nonchanging conditions
reactive control
occurs in response to outside forces, such as perturbations, displacing the COG
or moving the BOS
Proactive or anticipatory control
occurs in anticipation of internally generated, destabilizing
forces, such as the intent to move
feedforward
expected postural disturbance
ex: catching a ball, stepping up the stairs
negative feedback
unexpected postural disturbance
ex: tripping
what are the 4 postural movement strategies
ankle strategy
hip strategy
stepping strategy
reach strategy
what are the 2 primary curves of the spine and 2 secondary curves
primary: thoracic and sacral
secondary: cervical and lumbar
primary standing/positive support reflex and what age does this appear
supported standing, first accepts
weight on legs for 20-30 sec, then collapses
age: newborn to 2 months
Automatic walking reflex and what age does this appear
steps reciprocally when inclined forward
age: newborn to 2 months
asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR) reflex and what age does this appear
in supine, head rotation elicits chin
side arm/leg extension and skull side arm/leg flexion
“fencing”
age: newborn to 6 months
tonic labyrinthine (TLR) reflex and what age does this appear
Neck extends: increased extensor tone and extension of all limbs
Neck flexes: increased flexor tone and flexion of all limbs
Age: newborn to 6 months
anterior protective extension reflex and what age does this appear
arms extend forward to prevent from falling
Age: 6-9 months
lateral protective extension reflex and what age does this appear
arms extend to the sides to prevent from falling
age: 6-9 months
upper extremity parachute reflex and what age does this appear
In prone horizontal suspension, child is moved towards surface head first –
symmetrical arm extension and abduction
age: 6-7 months
posterior protective extension reflex and what age does this appear
extends head and arms backward to recover balance
age: 9 months
what developmental movements do prenatals do
somersaults, axial rotations, flexing, kicking, stretching, and punching
reactive control example
getting bumped in a crowd
what is the predominate posture in newborns
flexion
when does midline orientation occur by
3 months
when does independent sitting occur by
6 months
when does sitting become the preferred position
8 months
when are vertical postures most preferred in kids
10-12 months
when does arm swing patterns begin after walking onset
5-6 months
when can a kid kick a ball forward
15-18 months
when can a kid jump in place
20-24 months
when can a kid stand on one foot
36 months
ectomorphs
slouched
small bone
thin– hard to gain weight
lean muscle mass
flat chest
mesomorphs
military posture
strong
defined muscles
gain muscle easily
gain fat easily
when does belly crawling to creeping occur
7-9 months
what is the COM for children
T12
when is the peak of control
15 years old
what age does spinal extension shows the greatest decline
70-84
musculoskeletal changes in older adults
decreased strength, endurance, and muscle mass
decreased motor units
decreased joint ROM
what is the main balance technique for older adults
hip movements
(rather than ankle that younger does)
infants typically begin to assume hand-knees position from prone at what age range
4-6 months
