Motor Control

Question 1

The two theories of Motor Learning

Answer 1

1) Adam’s Closed Loop Theory

2) Schmidt’s Schema Theory

Question 2

Premise of Adam’s Closed Loop Theory of ML

Answer 2

Says the brain uses sensory information to constantly compare current movement to stored memory of past movement; highly emphasizes practice

Question 3

Premise of Schmidt’s Schema Theory of ML

Answer 3

Relies on open loop control processes and motor programming; values importance of variation of practice

Question 4

The Three Stages of Motor Learning

Answer 4

1) Cognitive Stage: high conccentration and processing, lots of mistakes
2) Associative Stage: individual uses feedback to compare current movement to past movement, distinguish correct and incorrect performance; less errors/skill refinement
3) Autonomous Stage: improved efficiency of action without need of a ton of cognitive control; task is unaffected by variability in environment

Question 5

Massed Practice

Answer 5

Practice time > rest time between trials

Question 6

Distributed Practice

Answer 6

Rest time is greater than or equal to practice time for each trial

Question 7

Constant Practice

Answer 7

Practicing a given task under uniform conditions

Question 8

Variable Practice

Answer 8

Practicing a task under variable conditions

Question 9

Random Practice

Answer 9

Varying practice, different tasks

Question 10

Blocked Practice

Answer 10

Consistent practice of single task

Question 11

Whole Training

Answer 11

Practice of entire task (hitting a baseball)

Question 12

Part Training

Answer 12

Breaking single task down to multiple components for mastery

Question 13

Four Types of Learning

Answer 13

1) Non-associative Learning
2) Associative Learning
3) Procedural Learning
4) Declarative Learning

Question 14

Non-associative Learning

Answer 14

Learned through the repetition of a single stimulus (i.e. habituation, sensitization)

Question 15

Associative Learning

Answer 15

Learning the relationship between two stimuli such as causal relationships or stimulus and consequence (i.e. operant conditioning, classical conditioning)

Question 16

Procedural Learning

Answer 16

Learning the movement by doing it repeatedly

Question 17

Declarative Learning

Answer 17

Mental practice; attention, awarness, and reflection to learn something to be recalled (i.e. studying)

Question 18

Carr and Shepherd Motor Relearning Approach

Answer 18

To relearn normal movement after neurological insult it is necessary for a PT to identify and discourage any abnormal, missing, or unnnessary movement. Use of both internal and external feedback is cruicial.

Question 19

Closed Motor Skill

Answer 19

Done in a stable, unchanging environment

Question 20

Open Motor Skill

Answer 20

Done in a cosistently changing environement

Question 21

Bobath: Neuromuscular Developmental Treatment (NDT)

Answer 21

Pt must learn to control movement through activities that promote normal movement patterns that integrate function;
Believes postural control is initiated from Base of Support and develops by assuming progressive positions where there is an increase in distance between CoG and BoS (crawling -> walking)

Question 22

Key Points of Control in NDT (4)

Answer 22

1)Shoulder
2) Pelvis
3) Hand
4) Foot
^^Specific handling will influence and facilitate posture, alignment, and control

Question 23

Brunnstrom Movement Therapy in Hemiplegia

Answer 23

Believed in reinforcing synergy patterns by learning them immediately and then introducing movements out of said patterns; rarely utilized today
Developed the 7 stages of recovery still utilized today

Question 24

Raimiste’s Phenomenon

Answer 24

The involved LE will abd/add with applied resistance to the uninvolved LE in the same direction

Question 25

Souques’ Phenomenon

Answer 25

Raising the involved UE >100 deg with elbow extended => finger abduction

Question 26

Brunnstrom Stage 1

Answer 26

No initiation of volitional movement (flaccid)

Question 27

Brunnstrom Stage 2

Answer 27

Beginning of limb spasticity; synergies appear

Question 28

Brunnstrom Stage 3

Answer 28

Spasticity increases; synergies are performed voluntarily

Question 29

Brunnstrom Stage 4

Answer 29

Spasticity beginning to decrease; movement patterns are not solely dictated by synergies

Question 30

Brunnstrom Stage 5

Answer 30

Further decrease in spasticity with independence from synergy patterns

Question 31

Brunnstrom Stage 6

Answer 31

Isolated joint movements are performed with coordination

Question 32

Brunnstrom Stage 7

Answer 32

Normal movement

Question 33

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

Answer 33

Uses gross diagonal movement patterns on the assumption that using larger muscle groups will overflow and strengthen smaller ones

Question 34

D1 flexion Pattern

Answer 34

Talking on the phone (opposite hand/ear)

Question 35

D1 extension pattern

Answer 35

Throwing phone away

Question 36

D2 Flexion pattern

Answer 36

Reaching for seatbelt

Question 37

D2 Extension pattern

Answer 37

Buckling up

Question 38

Agonistic Reversal PNF

Answer 38

Alternating concentric and eccentric contractions with resistance (i.e. up/down to and from bridge position)

Question 39

Alternating Isometrics PNF

Answer 39

Alternating isometic contractions by giving resistance to muscles on one side of the other without rest. NOT to be confused with rythmic stabilization

Question 40

Contract-Relax PNF

Answer 40

Used to increase ROM; at point of limitation pt CONCENTRICALLY contracts antagonist muscle group for 8-10 seconds. Continue until no more gains in ROM present. NOT to be confused with hold-relax

Question 41

Hold Relax PNF

Answer 41

At point of limitation in ROM, pt performs and isometric contraction, then relaxes and is passively moved to new point of limitation. Repeat.

Question 42

Joint Distraction PNF

Answer 42

Proprioceptive technique to increase ROM

Question 43

Normal Timing PNF

Answer 43

Proximal components are restricted until distal components fire and initiate movement. Produces coordinated movement of all components

Question 44

Repeated Contractions PNF

Answer 44

Used throughout a mvement pattern to improve strength and mobility; therapist provides a quick stretch followed by an isotonic contraction reapetedly throughout set range

Question 45

Resisted Progression PNF

Answer 45

Used to emphasize coordination of proximal components during gait; Resistance applied to pelvis, hips, or extremity during gait cycle to enhance coordination, strength, or endurance

Question 46

Rhythmic Initiation PNF

Answer 46

Used to initiate movement with hypertonia; progresses from passive, to active assistive, to against slight restistance. Movements through ROM must be slow and rhythmical to reduce hypertonia

Question 47

Rhythmic Stabilization PNF

Answer 47

Isometric contractions of all the muscles surrounding a joint against progressive resistance. Can progress from sub-max to max, predictable to random pattern, proximal to distal, etc.

Question 48

Rhythmical Rotation PNF

Answer 48

Used to decrease hypertonia to increase ROM by slowly rotating extremity around its longitudinal axis

Question 49

Slow Reversal PNF/Slow Reversal Hold PNF

Answer 49

Concentric contraction followed by another concentric contraction without rest (quadruped moving medially-laterally while applying resistance and L then R shoulder). Slow Reversal Hold is the same but adds an isometric contraction at the end of each movement to gain stability.

Question 50

Timing for Emphasis PNF

Answer 50

Used to strengthen a weak COMPONENT of a motor pattern. Isotonic and isometric contractions produce overflow to weaker muscles.