Motor Control Flashcards
The two theories of Motor Learning
1) Adam’s Closed Loop Theory
2) Schmidt’s Schema Theory
Premise of Adam’s Closed Loop Theory of ML
Says the brain uses sensory information to constantly compare current movement to stored memory of past movement; highly emphasizes practice
Premise of Schmidt’s Schema Theory of ML
Relies on open loop control processes and motor programming; values importance of variation of practice
The Three Stages of Motor Learning
1) Cognitive Stage: high conccentration and processing, lots of mistakes
2) Associative Stage: individual uses feedback to compare current movement to past movement, distinguish correct and incorrect performance; less errors/skill refinement
3) Autonomous Stage: improved efficiency of action without need of a ton of cognitive control; task is unaffected by variability in environment
Massed Practice
Practice time > rest time between trials
Distributed Practice
Rest time is greater than or equal to practice time for each trial
Constant Practice
Practicing a given task under uniform conditions
Variable Practice
Practicing a task under variable conditions
Random Practice
Varying practice, different tasks
Blocked Practice
Consistent practice of single task
Whole Training
Practice of entire task (hitting a baseball)
Part Training
Breaking single task down to multiple components for mastery
Four Types of Learning
1) Non-associative Learning
2) Associative Learning
3) Procedural Learning
4) Declarative Learning
Non-associative Learning
Learned through the repetition of a single stimulus (i.e. habituation, sensitization)
Associative Learning
Learning the relationship between two stimuli such as causal relationships or stimulus and consequence (i.e. operant conditioning, classical conditioning)
Procedural Learning
Learning the movement by doing it repeatedly
Declarative Learning
Mental practice; attention, awarness, and reflection to learn something to be recalled (i.e. studying)
Carr and Shepherd Motor Relearning Approach
To relearn normal movement after neurological insult it is necessary for a PT to identify and discourage any abnormal, missing, or unnnessary movement. Use of both internal and external feedback is cruicial.
Closed Motor Skill
Done in a stable, unchanging environment
Open Motor Skill
Done in a cosistently changing environement
Bobath: Neuromuscular Developmental Treatment (NDT)
Pt must learn to control movement through activities that promote normal movement patterns that integrate function;
Believes postural control is initiated from Base of Support and develops by assuming progressive positions where there is an increase in distance between CoG and BoS (crawling -> walking)
Key Points of Control in NDT (4)
1)Shoulder
2) Pelvis
3) Hand
4) Foot
^^Specific handling will influence and facilitate posture, alignment, and control
Brunnstrom Movement Therapy in Hemiplegia
Believed in reinforcing synergy patterns by learning them immediately and then introducing movements out of said patterns; rarely utilized today
Developed the 7 stages of recovery still utilized today
Raimiste’s Phenomenon
The involved LE will abd/add with applied resistance to the uninvolved LE in the same direction
Souques’ Phenomenon
Raising the involved UE >100 deg with elbow extended => finger abduction
Brunnstrom Stage 1
No initiation of volitional movement (flaccid)
Brunnstrom Stage 2
Beginning of limb spasticity; synergies appear
Brunnstrom Stage 3
Spasticity increases; synergies are performed voluntarily
Brunnstrom Stage 4
Spasticity beginning to decrease; movement patterns are not solely dictated by synergies
Brunnstrom Stage 5
Further decrease in spasticity with independence from synergy patterns
Brunnstrom Stage 6
Isolated joint movements are performed with coordination
Brunnstrom Stage 7
Normal movement
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
Uses gross diagonal movement patterns on the assumption that using larger muscle groups will overflow and strengthen smaller ones
D1 flexion Pattern
Talking on the phone (opposite hand/ear)
D1 extension pattern
Throwing phone away
D2 Flexion pattern
Reaching for seatbelt
D2 Extension pattern
Buckling up
Agonistic Reversal PNF
Alternating concentric and eccentric contractions with resistance (i.e. up/down to and from bridge position)
Alternating Isometrics PNF
Alternating isometic contractions by giving resistance to muscles on one side of the other without rest. NOT to be confused with rythmic stabilization
Contract-Relax PNF
Used to increase ROM; at point of limitation pt CONCENTRICALLY contracts antagonist muscle group for 8-10 seconds. Continue until no more gains in ROM present. NOT to be confused with hold-relax
Hold Relax PNF
At point of limitation in ROM, pt performs and isometric contraction, then relaxes and is passively moved to new point of limitation. Repeat.
Joint Distraction PNF
Proprioceptive technique to increase ROM
Normal Timing PNF
Proximal components are restricted until distal components fire and initiate movement. Produces coordinated movement of all components
Repeated Contractions PNF
Used throughout a mvement pattern to improve strength and mobility; therapist provides a quick stretch followed by an isotonic contraction reapetedly throughout set range
Resisted Progression PNF
Used to emphasize coordination of proximal components during gait; Resistance applied to pelvis, hips, or extremity during gait cycle to enhance coordination, strength, or endurance
Rhythmic Initiation PNF
Used to initiate movement with hypertonia; progresses from passive, to active assistive, to against slight restistance. Movements through ROM must be slow and rhythmical to reduce hypertonia
Rhythmic Stabilization PNF
Isometric contractions of all the muscles surrounding a joint against progressive resistance. Can progress from sub-max to max, predictable to random pattern, proximal to distal, etc.
Rhythmical Rotation PNF
Used to decrease hypertonia to increase ROM by slowly rotating extremity around its longitudinal axis
Slow Reversal PNF/Slow Reversal Hold PNF
Concentric contraction followed by another concentric contraction without rest (quadruped moving medially-laterally while applying resistance and L then R shoulder). Slow Reversal Hold is the same but adds an isometric contraction at the end of each movement to gain stability.
Timing for Emphasis PNF
Used to strengthen a weak COMPONENT of a motor pattern. Isotonic and isometric contractions produce overflow to weaker muscles.
