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cognitive neuroscience > motor control > Flashcards

motor control Flashcards

1
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

specialized synapses between the nervous system and muscle fibers

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2
Q

lateral corticospinal motor tract

A

involved in fine movement of distal limb muscles (arms, hands, fingers, lower leg and foot)

tract crosses entirely from one side of the brain to the opposite side of the body (contralateral)

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3
Q

medial motor tract

A

involved in control of movements of the trunk and proximal limb muscles

involved in posture and bilateral movements

projects both contralaterally and ipsilaterally

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4
Q

cerebellum motor control

A

plays an important role in coordinating timing of muscle movement, planning movement and learning motor skills

organized into 3 main divisions that each receives a distinctive type of info a sends out input to distinct portions of the nervous system

info flowing through these cerebellar loops allows it to modulate motor processing

movements that are not modified once they have been started

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5
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

damage causes difficulty with balance and postural instability

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6
Q

spinocerebellum

A

damage causes difficulty with smooth muscle control of movement and movement of proximal muscles

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7
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

damage causes difficulty with the regulation of highly skilled movement that requites sensorimotor learning

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8
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

difficulties in coordinating movement after cerebellar damage

tradition test: patient touches their nose and then neurologist’s finger

occurs when activity of agonist and antagonist muscles are not coordinated

disrupts coordination of multi-joint movements. to compensate patients will move of join at a time in serial manner

difficulties in sensory motor learning after damage to lateral portions of the cerebellum.

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9
Q

agonist

A

contracts during movement

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10
Q

antagonist

A

relax/lengthen during movement

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11
Q

forward model theory of cerebellar function

A

theory argues that the cerebellum helps predict the sensory consequences of motor plans

forward models not influenced by feedback from periphery

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12
Q

subcortical nuclei in the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
nucleus accumbens
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus

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13
Q

roles of the basal ganglia

A

setting the motor system with regard to posture

preparing the nervous system to accomplish a voluntary motor act

acting as an autopilot for well-learned sequential movements

controlling the timing and switching between motor acts

because they receive both motor and nonmotor info, the basal ganglia are also thought to assist in motor planning and learning

movements that take time to initiate or stop

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14
Q

theories of the basal ganglia function

A
  1. the basal ganglia facilitate the synchronization of cortical activity underlying the selection of appropriate movements while inhibiting inappropriate ones
  2. the basal ganglis chunch individual actions into coordinated, stereotyped and habitual units of action
  3. the basal ganglia aid the ability to execute movements with varying levels of vigor
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15
Q

direct route of the basal ganglia

A

contributes to sustaining/ facilitating ongoing action

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16
Q

indirect route of the basal ganglia

A

important for supressing unwanted movement

works in opposition of the other

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17
Q

parkinsons

A

results from damage to the cells of the substantia nigra

loss of dopamine neurons

tremors - rythmic, oscillating movements
akineria - inability to initiate spontaneous movement
bradykinesia - slowness of movement

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18
Q

what does neuron death in the substantia nigra cause

A

inadequate input to the basal ganglia

causes overactivation of th indirect pathway

increases activity in the internal portion of the globus pallidus

inhibits the thalamus and decreases motor activity

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19
Q

treatment for parkinsons

A

levodopa

deep brain stimulation

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20
Q

levodopa

A

cannot give dopamine directly

monoamine oxidase (MOA-B) inhibitors

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21
Q

deep brain stimulations (DBS)

A

aerobic exercises and behaviour intervention

thalamonoty or pallidotomy

grafting of fetal tissue to the striatum

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22
Q

huntington’s disease

A

involuntary, uncontrollable and undesired movements

chorea
dystonia

23
Q

chorea

A

rapid, jerky movements that appear coordinated but are performed involuntary in an irregular manner

24
Q

dystonia

A

slower movements causes by increased muscle tone and contractions that lead to abnormal posture

25
Q

huntingtons disease indirect pathway

A

loss of striatal neurons to globus pallidus

external globus pallidus is no longer inhibited

increases inhibition of the subthalamic nucleaus

the internal globus pallidus is not excited so output is reduct. this lessens inhibitions of the thalamus which increases cortical motor activity

26
Q

huntington’s etiology

A

an inherited neurological disease resulting in striatum degeneration

produces abnormal movements, cognitive deficits and psychiatric symptoms

caused by a rare, autosomal dominant disease

gene produces mutant huntingtin protein causing striatum atrophy

symptoms typically manifest between 30-45 years of age

it involves a slow decline for 10-15 years and eventually leads to death

27
Q

tremors

A

tremors - rythmic, oscillating movements

28
Q

akineria

A

akineria - inability to initiate spontaneous movement

29
Q

bradykinesia

A

bradykinesia - slowness of movement

30
Q

huntington’s treatment

A

no cure, treatments can provide some symptom relief

tetrabenazine or neuetrabenazine (deplete or block dopamine transmission

31
Q

tourettes

A

main symptom is vocal and/or motor tics that fluctuate in severity

relatively rare disorder that manifests in childhood

definitive neural substrate or cause has not been found

aspects of the disorder point to dysfunction of the basal ganglia and associated cortical-striatal-thalamic-cortical brain circuitry

nature of tics potentially represents an inappropriate from of habit learning (basal ganglia)

32
Q

forms of tics

A

simple motor tics that involve just one portion of the body

more complex tics that involve several muscle groups and seem more purposeful

can include echolalia and coprolalia

33
Q

echolalia

A

repeating things just said

34
Q

coprolalia

A

intypical speech

35
Q

what is the major role of cortical regions in motor control

A

planning and guiding skilled movements

movements that require linking sensory inputs with motor outputs

36
Q

how do cortical regions support a range of motor abilities

A

picking up an object

producing a gesture in response to a verbal command

moving the eyes to explore the image of a face

37
Q

where are regions of motor control distributed

A

across lateral and medial parts of the brain

38
Q

primary motor cortex

A

thought to control the force and or direction with which the motor plans are executed

provides the command signal to drive motor neurons to make muscles more

39
Q

premotor region, supplementary motor complex and frontal eye fields

A

involved in the specifying, preparing and initiating of a movement

40
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

important for selecting among particular responses and monitoring whether the execution of those actions occurred apropriately

41
Q

parietal regions

A

involved in linking movements to extrapersonal space and sensory info as well as linking movements to meaning

what are my senses telling me

sensations, somatosensory areas

42
Q

what happens when the primary motor cortex is damaged

A

a person cannot control the force of which muscles are exerted

severe cases can result in hemiparesis (weakness)

43
Q

organization of the primary motor cortex

A

main: the motor cortex is organized so that different subregions of motor cortex control action of specific portions of the body

homunculus organization

alternative: the motor cortex is organized with regard to action relevent for survival. extended stimulation can lead to coordinated movements.

44
Q

motor plans

A

are abstract representations of intended movements

brain generates the action plan before the movement starts

the supplementary motor complex comes up with the motor plan at the most abstract level

then premotor areas code for the types of actions that must occur to meet that motor plan (how to execute the motor plan)

primary motor regions execute the commands - send the signal to the body

45
Q

coarticulation

A

forming the next sentence before the first one ended

46
Q

supplementary motor complex

A

involved with planning, preparing and initiating movements (activity in this region precedes motor action

sequence and order in which actions occur

SMC projects to both the ipsilateral and the contralateral motor cortex, as well as the contralateral SMC
- distinct from primary motor cortex in which activation is predominantly observed contralateral to what is moving

47
Q

what are the three sub-regions of the SMC

A

anterior located pre-SMA
Supplementary eye field
posteriorly located SMA

48
Q

anterior located pre-SMA

A

involved in selecting what actions should be implemented

initial planning

49
Q

supplementary eye field

A

involved in the planning of eye movement

50
Q

posteriorly located SMA

A

involved in planning movement of body parts (other than the eyes)

51
Q

anterior cingulate cortex

A

contains many distinct subregions, each of which contributes to particular cognitive functions (activated across a large range of tasks

  • plays a role in allowing the motor system to generate and select a response and then evaluate the consequences
  • feedback systems - did this plan work, and if not how will i fix it for next time (learning from your actions)
  • most involved when an action is novel of requires cognitive control, such as when a well-engrained response must be overwritten
52
Q

right inferior frontal cortex

A

suggested to play a role in interupting or inhibiting motor actions
- often assed via the stop-signal paradigm
- the larger tissue loss the more difficulty in response inhibition - stopping an action

the region is also activated when people have to push a button twice rather than aborting a response
- perhaps plays a role in altering actions based on the current environmental context rather than inhibiting actions

53
Q

parietal lobe

A

sensation

superior regions interface between movement and sensory info (coordinated movement between these two)
- damage causes inability to guide limbs in a well-controlled manner

inferior regions contribute to the ability to produce complex, well-learned motor acts
- damage to these regions leads to a disorder known as apraxia

54
Q

apraxia

A

an inability to perform skiled, sequential, purposeful movement that cannot be accounted for by disruptions in more basic motor processes

commonly observed after a stroke, TBI and in people with neurodegenerative disorders

most typically observed after parietal or frontal lesions of the left hemisphere

cognitive neuroscience (7 decks)

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