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cognitive neuroscience > language > Flashcards

language Flashcards

1
Q

aphasia

A

a disruption in the ability to process or produce language after brain damage (especially to the left hemisphere)

traditionally it was discovered that the left hemisphere was important for language, but new research shows the right hemisphere does play a role

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2
Q

crossed aphasia

A

right hemisphere lesion in a right hanger
occurs one percent or less

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3
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

portion of the left hemisphere is critical for speech output

people with damage to the region could comprehend speech but had difficulty with speech output

difficulty producing words - not accompanied by motoric problems of vocal musculature ie/ can blow out candles

sentences do not fit standard structure ie/ need help send money (just nouns and verbs) - telegraphic speech

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4
Q

broca’s aphasia lesions

A

lesion in left hemisphere

typically anterior to the section of the motor strip responsible for control of the face

also involves surrounding white matter and subcortical connections

involved in both medial and lateral regions

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5
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

characterized by disrupted speech comprehension

speech output is fluent, without hesitation

inability to link a sound image to meaning

word salad - a jumble of words

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6
Q

paraphasias

A

errors in producing specific words as a result of wernicke’s aphasia

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7
Q

semantic paraphasia

A

substitute a word with similar meaning to the intended word (ie/ barn for house)

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8
Q

phonemic paraphasia

A

substitute a word with similar sound to the intended word (ie/ table becomes trable or fable)

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9
Q

neologisms

A

made up words that follow the rules for combining sounds in the language, yet are not real words (ie/ galump or trebbin)

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10
Q

wernicke’s aphasia lesions

A

posterior to central fissure

involves the superior temporal lobe near heschl’s gyrus (primary auditory area)

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11
Q

conduction aphasia

A

characterized by an inability to repeat what was just heard, although language comprehension and speech production are intact

caused by damage to the white matter tract, the arcuate fasciculus, that connects Broca’s and wernickes’s areas, along with the surrounding tissue

deficit arises from inability to relay info from one intact region to another

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12
Q

disconnection syndrome

A

the connection between broca’s and wernike’s area has been severed

caused by severed connection beween intact brain regions

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13
Q

global aphasia

A

damage to multiple parts of the system - can not comprehend or produce language

the inability to comprehend or produce language associated with extensive left-hemisphere damage that typically includes both wernicke’s and broca’s areas and the area between them

associated with extensive left - hemisphere damage

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14
Q

three main components of language

A

phonology
syntax
semantics

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15
Q

phonology

A

examines the sound that compose a language and the rules that govern their combination

a phoneme is considered the smallest unit of sound that can signal meaning

the phonetic representation of speech sound describes how it is produced on particular occasions or in particular contexts

broca’s aphasia patients have difficulty producing both

wernicke’s aphasia patients struggle to produce the correct phoneme, but can produce the correct phonetic representation ie/ saying pat for bat

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16
Q

syntax

A

rules of grammar

describes the rules governing how words are put together in sentences - varies language to language

people with aphasia involving anterior lesions often have a compromised ability both to produce and to comprehend the grammatical aspects on language

these difficulties in syntax are observed even across different languages with varying grammatica markers

agrammatical aphasia: anterior aphasia
- inability to produce and comprehend the gammatical aspects of language

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17
Q

semantics

A

the meaning of language

concerned with the meanings of words and word combinations

the ability to extract meaning from language to use words to produce meaning is seriously compromised in patients with aphasia involving posterior lesions

in less severe cases, the patients understand simple nouns but have difficulty comprehending more complicated linguistic material

the difficulty in comprehending the meaning of language is pervasive across modalities, extending to both auditory and written language

patients with anterior aphasia appear to have intact semantic processing but may exhibit intact semantic processing but may exhibit minor problems in comprehension when when syntax plays a large role in interpreting sentences
the meaning of words

there are parallel semantic processing systems in each hemisphere

the right hemisphere helps to gain access to a more diffuse and remote set of semantic associations than the left hemispheres

ie/ if we hear the word nurse, our ability to process words related (doctor, hospital, needle) primes our ability to process

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18
Q

left inferior frontal cortex

A

semantic processing - rostral (anterior)
phonological processing - caudal (posterior)

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19
Q

dorsal pathways

A

transform linguistic information into sequential and articulatory info

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20
Q

ventral pathways

A

transform linguistic information into meaning

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21
Q

McGurk Effect

A

speech perception in more than just hearing

visual info is also integrated with auditory info early on

therefore effect can be seen during phonetic processing

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22
Q

visual spoken language

A

models of neural basis of spoken language can be evaluated by examining spoken language systems that are completely visual

ASL, the language is used by most deaf individuals in the USA

ASL suggests that brain organization for language is similar, regardless of the modality of communication

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23
Q

basic structure of ASL

A

each noun in ASL is represented by hand shape made in a particular way at a particular location in space with regard to the body

nouns represented by hand shape, at a particular location in body

24
Q

ASL syntax

A

certain aspects of syntax are communicated through the position of the hands in space rather than through word order

a speaker of ASL will make a hand shape for a noun and point to a particular location within a “theater.” Each noun in the sentence is given a different location in this theater

a sign designating a verb is made from the location of the noun acting as the subject to the location of the noun acting as the object

thus, the syntactic distinction between subject and object is made spatially by the direction of hand movemetn

25
Q

neural organization of ASL

A

language processing regions are similar to spoken languages
- sign comprehension is disrupted by left temporal region damage
- even though ASL requires visual spatial processing, the left hemisphere is still needed similarly to spoken languages
- as with spoken language, deficits after damage depend on whether a lesion is anterior or posterior

however, processing of signs appears to involve the right hemisphere more than processing spoken language

activation in superior temporal gyrus of ASL speakers while reading in sign
- suggests these “auditory” regions are actually dedicated to processing basic units of a complex pattern in sequence
- region about understanding meaning from components of language than hearing

26
Q

wada technique

A

procedure involving the injection of sodium amobarbital into one of the two carotid arteries only one of the hemispheres to become anesthetized

after the patient is asked to name a series of items (that they knew of since they were asked to name them before)

if the hemisphere anesthetized was responsible for speech output, the person would be unable to name the items

27
Q

cortical stimulation mapping

A

stimulate that brain before or surgery for the removal of epileptic tissue

28
Q

place of articulation

A

describes the location in the vocal tract where airflow is obstructed

29
Q

labial stops

A

obstruction occurs at lips (b/p)

30
Q

alveolar stops

A

obstruction occurs from tongue placement at the alveolar ridge behind the front teeth (d/t)

31
Q

velar stops

A

ar obstruction at velar/soft palette in back of mouth (g/k)

32
Q

voicing

A

describes the timing of between the release of air for the stop consonant and the vibration of the vocal cords

33
Q

phonological agraphia

A

individuals can manually of orally spell regular and irregular words in dictation but perform poorly with nonwords

34
Q

lexical agraphia

A

the opposite occurs: a reasonable spelling can be produced, both manually and orally, for virtually any regular word or non word, but spelling or irregular words is poor

35
Q

visual word form area

A

the earliest stage of word processing lateralized to the left hemisphere is orthography
- the rules govern how letters are combined in spelling

located in inferior occipitotemporal regions of the left hemisphere, bordering the fusiform gyrus

36
Q

phonological route to reading

A

sound is an intermediary for linking print with meaning

apperars to rely on dorsal route: superior and middle temporal gyrus, the supramarginal gyrus, broca’s area

nonlexical

visual linguistic format can be linked to meaning

used when learning to read, required identifying each letter ie/ C,a, t and blending the sounds to make ‘cat’

37
Q

direct route to reading

A

lexical

print is directly associated with meaning, without the use of a phonological intermediary

irregular words need to use direct route because they do not follow correspondence rules

appears to rely on ventral route

38
Q

superior and temporal gyrus

A

involved in accessing sounds related to letter

39
Q

the supramarginal gyrus

A

plays a role in symbol-to-sound transformation

40
Q

posterior section of the superior temporal sulcus up into angular gyrus

A

processes linguistic symbols

41
Q

middle and ventral region of the inferior temporal gyrus

A

semantic processing

42
Q

anterior regions of the inferior frontal gyrus

A

also involved in semantic processing

43
Q

two routes to meaning in reading

A

routes can be independent of each other

the direct route is distinguished from the phonological route by the relative activity level of each set of language- related brain regions as well as their relative connectivity with other portions of the language network

44
Q

alexia

A

deep dyslexia

without agraphia can write a sentence with little difficulty can not read a sentence - even ones they previously wrote

loss of ability to read

can’t read nonwords - semantic paralexias when reading - errors in words with related meanings ie/ forest being read as woods

can’t read abstract words like sympathy and faith but can read things of the concrete world ie/ basket or refridgerator

45
Q

agraphia

A

without alexia are unable to write sentences but can read ones

loss of ability to write

46
Q

angular gyrus

A

ventral region of parietal lobe above sylvian fissure

alexia and agraphia typically co occur with damage to the angular gyrus

47
Q

surface dyslexia

A

disruption in the direct route

  • no disruption in the phonological route
    ie/ mixing up beat and beet

they cannot link the visual form of a word directly to meaning

can read non words or regular words

48
Q

phonological dyslexia

A

have a disruption in the phonological route

intact direct route

disability becomes apparent when asked to read nonwords or unfamiliar words

they have relatively little trouble reading previously learned words because meaning can be extracted directly from the visual form regardless of whether the words are regular or irregular

49
Q

left hemisphere contributions

A

extracts abstract representation of word form that is common across different instances of a word

ie/ variations in font or case shape of word

50
Q

right hemisphere contributions

A

organization of semantic info varies from left (broader scope of individual words)

has a poor understanding of complicated syntax and a restricted vocabulary

encodes words in specific visual from

cannot produce speech or use phoneme to grapheme correspondence rules

however the right provides a broader lens on language processing that extends beyond the consideration of linguistic material on a word-by-word basis (gives larger contex)

51
Q

aprosodic speech

A

all at one pitch (speaking)

52
Q

dysprosodic

A

disordered intonation (poor timing)

53
Q

prosody

A

often associated with the music, pattern and emphasis or certain words

the intonation pattern, or ‘sound envelope’ of an utterance

this includes: intonation, speech pattern, loudness and pitch variations, pausing and rhythm

ie/ question having a risen pitch and timing (classes of cues)

can be useful for providing information about an interpretation of a statement

the right hemisphere plays an important role in interpreting prosodic cues and the organization for prosody appears to mimic that of the left hemisphere for language

tone or voice being warm and friendly or sarcastiv

54
Q

semantics

A
55
Q

right hemisphere and discourse

A

allows for comprehending a storyline - extracting main theme and morals, make inferences, understanding metaphors

to comprehend language, we superimpose structure upon discourse

although damage does not disrupt ability to comprehend language and convey meaning, appealing aspects of language, such as a metaphor might not be appreciated

56
Q

narrative

A

refers to the ability to construct or understand a storyline

57
Q

inference

A

refers to the ability to “fill in a blank” and make assumptions about material that is not explicitly stated

cognitive neuroscience (15 decks)

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