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Anatomy > Motor And Sensory > Flashcards

Motor And Sensory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main sulci of the brain?

A

Central sulcus

Lateral sulcus

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2
Q

What the function of the limbic lobe and where is it located?

A

Involved in emotion and memory

Located in medial surface of cerebral hemisphere

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3
Q

What is the function of the insula and where is it located?

A

Function: emotion and primative senses like smell
Located: floor of the lateral fissure

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4
Q

Which part of the brain is key for fine tuning of movement

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

Connects the two hemispheres

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6
Q

What does grey matter consist of?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

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7
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Axons

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the thalmus?

A

Important relay station for cognitive, sensory and mainly motor systems

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9
Q

What is the basal ganglia important for?

A

Fine tuning of movement

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10
Q

What is the function of projection fibres?

A

Connects the cerebral cortex to structures lower down in the nervous system

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11
Q

What is the function of association fibres?

A

connects areas of the cortex within the same hemisphere

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12
Q

What is the function of commissural fibres?

A

thick white matter tract connecting the two cerebral hemis

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13
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

white matter commissural fibres - connecting the two hemis

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14
Q

What is the corona radiate?

A

bulk of hemispheric white matter (inc. projection, association and commissural fibres) - lesion here wouldn’t be so bad as everything is spread out

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15
Q

What is the internal capsule?

A

Projection fibres coming down and out of the brain (or into it)

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16
Q

What is the cerebral peduncle?

A

exit/entry point where lots of white matter are closely packed together. Small lesion here would have a big effect

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17
Q

What do the premotor cortex and supplimentary motor cortex assist in?

A

The preparation and initiation of movement

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18
Q

What Broadman area is the frontal lobe?

A

B6 (contains premotor and supplimentary cortex)

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19
Q

What braodmans area is the primary motor cortex

A

B4 (where the pyramidal system originates)

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20
Q

What is a pyramidal neuron?

A

An UMN originating in primary motor cortex

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21
Q

How is primary motor cortex organised?

A

Somatotopically (according to body geography). The amount of primary motor cortex and pyramidal neurons associated with a body part is proportional to the degree of fine motor control required of that body part

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22
Q

Direct motor control pathway =

A

pyramidal system/ cortiospinal path (i.e. from the cortex down the spine)

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23
Q

Primary motor cortex controls movement on which side?

A

The opposite side

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24
Q

The cortiospinal tract decends on the same side of the nervous system until the…

A

lower medulla

25
Q

After cross at the level of the lower medulla, the UMN axons continue to travel down the spinal cord as the…

A

lateral cortiospinal tract

26
Q

would a lesion of the internal capsule be big or small

A

very big. Pyramidal fibres from the leg, arm and face are all really close together at this point so a lesion here would result in damage to all those muscles.

27
Q

Would a lesion of the corona radiate be big or small

A

small as the fibres as all so spread out

28
Q

Where do UMN synapse with LMN

A

in the anterior horn of the spinal grey matter (which is on the inside - opposite to the brain)

29
Q

What is the cortiobulbar tract?

A

It is the part of the cortiospinal tract which contains the UMN that control the bulbar muscles (i.e. cranial nerves 7-12). It is located within the medial part of the cortiospinal tract

30
Q

Where do UMN of the cortiobulbar terminate?

A

In the lower cranial nerve motor nuclei (tends not to be in the medulla but in the midbrain or brainstem )

31
Q

Which two cranial nerves do NOT recieve bilateral innervation?

A

7 and 12 (lower facial and tongue)

32
Q

Where do LMN exit the spinal cord?

A

in the anterior spinal nerve root

33
Q

Which is worse; damage to a spinal root or damage to a peripheral nerve

A

spinal root - affects lot of muscles

34
Q

What happens when muscle tone is too high?

A

Stretch receptors are activated, which send a message to inhibitory interneurons which send signals to the LMN to dampen down the effects. UMN are synapsing on the these inhibitory interneurons and therefore are very important in controlling tone.

35
Q

In terms of tone, UMN lesions result in…

A

increased tone (decreased activation of inhibitory interneurons -> reduced inhibitory effects on LMN -> LMN activity increased -> increased muscle contraction -> increased muscle tone

36
Q

In terms of tone, LMN lesions result in…

A

decreased muscle tone (floppy)

37
Q

spinal motor circuts responsible for tone are also responsible for…

A

reflexes (therefore testing these is a good way of testing the integrity of the spinal network)

38
Q

What happens in a LMN lesion?

A

transmission of action potentials to muscle fibres is reduced or absent, so muscle contraction is reduced or absent

39
Q

What causes a LMN pattern deficits?

A

Lesions of the spinal grey matter, spinal nerves or peripheral nerves

40
Q

What are the patterns of LMN Lesion?

A 
muscle weakness 
decreased tone (flaccidity) 
decreased tendon reflex responses (hyporeflexia) 
Less of muscle mass (wasting) 
Some disorders - fasciculations
41
Q

What are UMN lesions caused by?

A

Damage to Motor Cortex or Pyramidal tract

42
Q

What are the patterns of a UMN lesion?

A

increased muscle tone (spasticity)
increased reflex response (hyperreflexia)
preservation of muscle mass
no fasciculations

43
Q

Which systems support the fine tuning of movements?

A

The extrapyramidal system and cerebellar systems

44
Q

What is the important neurotransmitter of the extrapyramidal system?

A

Dopamine

45
Q

An imbalance in the extrapyramidal system causes what kinds of disorders?

A

2 kinds of movement disorders:

  1. Hyperkinetic (Cerebral Palsy, Huntington)
  2. Hypokinetic (e.g. Parkinsons)
46
Q

Cerebeller hemis control movement on which side?

A

Same side of the body

47
Q

How would you examine someone’s muscle function?

A

Look at them - their posture, symmetry, any involuntary movements or clear signs of atrophy
Then test: tone, power, reflexes, coordination and gail

48
Q

What is muscle tone

A

Resistance to passive movement

49
Q

What is muscle power?

A

Resistance to active movement

50
Q

What happens in an abnormal babinski response

A

Big toe curls up - sign of UMN lesion

51
Q

Effect of pyramidal tract lesion?

A

Affects most of the muscles on one side of the body

52
Q

Effect of peripheral nervous system lesion?

A

Affects a small subset of muscles

53
Q

Effect of muscle disorder?

A

Tends to affect large muscles

54
Q

What is hemiparetic posture?

A

Where flexor (bending) muscles are stronger than extensor muscles in the upper limb and the opposite is true in the lower limb

55
Q

What is monoplegia

A

Paralysis of one limb

56
Q

Key signs of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Fatigability

often affecting muscles we use a lot - e.g. eyelids

57
Q

How would you examine co-ordination?

A

Finger nose test

Heel shin test

58
Q

Signs of Cerebellar Dysfunction

A 
DANISH 
Dysdiadochokinesis - bas successive movements 
Ataxia 
Nystagmus (involuntary eye movements) 
intention tremor 
Slurred speech 
Heel shin ataxia
59
Q

What are the two sensory pathways?

A

Dorsal pathway

Spinothalamic Pathway

Anatomy (12 decks)

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