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Anatomy > Health and Ageing > Flashcards

Health and Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

chronological age is based on…

A

passage of time

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2
Q

biological age is based on…

A

physical and physiological changes

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3
Q

psychological age is based on…

A

behaviours, attitudes and outlook

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4
Q

brain shrink is particularly evident in what area of the brain?

A

Frontal cortex

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5
Q

men have greater affects of brain atrophy in what areas?

A

Frontal and temporal lobes

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6
Q

women have greater affects of brain atrophy in what areas?

A

hippocampus and parietal lobes

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7
Q

What are the main mechanisms of brain change?

A
  1. changes in neurotransmitter levels
  2. neurons are less able to produce energy
    3 changes in hormones
  3. reduced cerebrovascular efficiency
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8
Q

What are white matter lesions (especially in the frontal lobes) linked to?

A

reduced cerebral blood flow
higher blood pressure
poor cognition

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9
Q

What are the main cognitive changes in normal ageing processes?

A

Deficits to working memory,
episodic memory (poor encoding and storage)
semantic memory (slower retrieval)
autobiographical memory (difficulties with detail)
slower processing and reaction times

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10
Q

What is the most typical type of age related hearing loss?

A

Symmetrical high-frequency hearing loss due to sensory, neural and metabolic changes in the cochlear
Also earwax
difficulties with perception (changes in central auditory system making background noise more difficult)

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11
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

changes in corneal curvature affecting focus on vertical elements

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12
Q

What may lens opacification result in?

A

Cataracts

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13
Q

What may presbyopia result in?

A

lens hardening

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14
Q

What may changes in the retina result in?

A

decreased visual acuity (sharpness) and contrast sensitivity (interfering with depth perception)

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15
Q

What is iatrogenic illness?

A

Illness caused by medical treatment - common in the elderly

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16
Q

What is the most common symptom of ischaemic heart disease?

A

angina (tight or crushing pain in chest)

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17
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - respiratory condition characterised by breathing difficulties

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18
Q

What is prebyphagia?

A

When the normal ageing process results in slower speed of swallowing movements and increased transit time

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19
Q

What might cause presbyphagia?

A

atrophy of muscles (e.g. jaw, tongue)
slower initiation of laryngeal and pharyngeal events
airways opening for too long
reduced sensation
reduced smell and taste
Xerostomia (as a side effect of medication)

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20
Q

What is end of life care?

A

supportive management of health and other issues for people whose life expectancy is likely to be less than 12 months

21
Q

What are the basic principles of end of life care?

A

Quality is more important than quantity
Focus on short term rather than long term issues
prioritise the patients and carers needs
Manage symptoms in the least invasive way

22
Q

What is main involvement of SLT in end of life care?

A

Safe swallowing or alternatives to oral nutrition
Capacity for informed decision making
Facilitating communication

23
Q

What is the loss of grey matter related to?

A

Neuronal cell death
Decreased neuronal volume
Changes in the number of synapses

24
Q

What is the loss of white matter related to?

A

Deterioration in myelin sheath

Subclinical ischemia

25
Q

What chemicals are related to changes in neurotransmitter levels?

A

Dopamine and serotonin

26
Q

What is reduced energy generation related to?

A

Impaired glucose metabolism

Mitochondrial dysfunction

27
Q

What type of memory does normal ageing effect the most?

A

Episodic and working memory

28
Q

What are some considerations SLT’s should take when working with normal ageing adults?

A

Environment (background noise), pace, ability to retain new information, working memory limits, task variety (including attentional load), use of contextual cues

29
Q

What is presbycusis?

A

progressive, bilateral, age related hearing loss

30
Q

Where do the most significant effects of age related changes in hearing occur?

A

In the cochlea

31
Q

In age related hearing - peripheral changes result in..

A

High frequency hearing loss

32
Q

In age related hearing loss, central changes result in…

A

Reduced compensation for high frequency hearing loss

33
Q

Astigmatism =

A

Cornea damage - difficulty with vertical elements

34
Q

Cataracts =

A

Lens opacification

35
Q

Presbyopia =

A

Reduction in near vision (i.e. less short sighted with age)

36
Q

Retina changes =

A

Less visual acuity and decreased constraint sensitivity

37
Q

Dry AMD =

A

Accumulation of debris and pigment in macula -> central vision is impaired

38
Q

Wet AMD =

A

Swelling and haemorrhage

39
Q

What are the two common consequences of heart muscle ischemia?

A

Arrlythmius = irregular heart rhythms

Congestive heart failure

40
Q

What does left sided heart failure result in?

A

Results in a build up of fluid in the lungs -> shortness of breathe and cough (particularly when lying down)

41
Q

What does right sided heart failure result in?

A

Gravity dependent oedema in extremities -> particularly in the ankle and feet

42
Q

What is emphysemus?

A

Damage to the alveoli leading to shortness of breath and a dry cough

43
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A

Inflammation of the airways - resulting in shortness of breath, sneezing, most cough and chest infections

44
Q

What are analgisic medications?

A

Pain meds
E.g. mild opioid = cosine
Strong opioid = morphine
NB opioids have side effects

45
Q

Adjuvant Therapy is…

A

A helper drug, enhancing or supporting treatment -e.g. anticonvulsant or antidepressant meds

46
Q

What is Cheyne-Stokes respiration?

A

Cyclical breathing pattern in which respiratory rate speeds up and slows down

47
Q

What is an advanced decision?

A

It is a living will
It is legally binding - signed and witnessed
Can only be overridden by the patient themselves

48
Q

What is an Advanced statement

A

Statement of end of life wishes
It is not witnessed and does not have to be signed (although good idea to)
It’s not legally binding
Can be overridden with sufficient justification

Anatomy (12 decks)

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