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Anatomy > Cerebral Cortex and Cognition > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex and Cognition Flashcards

Understanding key roles of the cortex and cognition

1
Q

Top of the brain

A

Dorsal

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2
Q

Bottom of the brain

A

Ventral

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3
Q

What is grey matter?

A

neuronal cell bodies

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4
Q

What is white matter

A

neuronal axons

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5
Q

What is the Corona radiate?

A

projection fibres from the cortex to the brainstem

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6
Q

What is the cortex?

A

outer layer of the cerebrum (grey matter)
Info into the cortex = sensory
info out of the cortex = motor

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7
Q

What do interneurons do?

A

connect different neurons together (pathways within the brain) – allow different areas of brain to work together

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8
Q

What are the 4 main lobes of the brain

A

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

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9
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

on the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere

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10
Q

Where is the insula located?

A

in the lateral fissure, deep to the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

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11
Q

How is the cerebral cortex organised?

A

In hierarchical regions connected with white matter tracts.

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12
Q

What are the primary cortices?

A

The bottom of the cortex hierachy, primary cortices support basic functions - direct motor control and low level sensory perception. They are unimodel

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13
Q

What comes after the primary cortices in the cortex hierarchy

A

Unimodal Association Cortex (next to Primary Motor and sensory areas) - concerned with more advanced stages of information processing (e.g. integration of sensory information)

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14
Q

What does the unimodal sensory association do?

A

Receives input from the primary sensory cortex

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15
Q

What does the unimodal motor association do?

A

sends input to the primary motor cortex.

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16
Q

Types of White Matter Fibres? (3)

A

Projection fibres, association fibres, and commissural fibres

17
Q

What do projection fibres do?

A

Connect cerebral cortex to structures lower down

18
Q

What do association fibres do?

A

Connect areas of cortex within the same hemisphere

19
Q

What do commissural fibres do?

A

Connect areas of cortex in opposite hemispheres?

20
Q

What are cortio-cortical regions?

A

White matter tracts connection regions of cerebral cortex

21
Q

What does the heteromodal association cortex do?

A

it is involved in advanced mental processes that are not confined to a single sensory or motor modality. They are located strategically

22
Q

What are the paralimbic and limbic cortices?

A

They are a separate system that interactions with adjacent association cortex regions. These regions are located predominately in the limbic lobe and are involved in memory and emotion processing.

23
Q

What are the two stages of object recognition?

A

Apperceptive stage: forming perceptual representation of an object
Associative stage: meaning is attached

24
Q

what is bottom up perception?

A

Driven by sensory input

25
Q

What is top down perception?

A

Driven by cognitive control mechanisms

Top down processes can ‘fill in the blanks’ and create the perception of something that is not physically present

26
Q

What are the main functions of the occipital lobe?

A

Visual perception (including colour and motion perception)
Visual Object Recognition (ventral visual pathway)
Visuospatial processing (dorsal visual pathway)
Reading

27
Q

What can a lesion of the occipital cortex result in?

A

Cortical blindness (inability to perceive visual stimuli)
Visual agnoisa (inability to recognise objects by slight alone)
Inability to perceive colour or movement
Visual hallucinations
Alexia (reading impairment)

28
Q

What are the main functions of the parietal lobe?

A

Somatosensory processing
Spatial processing, awareness and attention
Number knowledge
Knowledge about the manipulation of objects
Language (inferior parietal cortex)

29
Q

Can can a lesion in EITHER parietal cortex result in?

A

On CONTRALATERAL side:
Asterognosis - inability to recognise objects by touch alone
Agraphaesthesia - inability to identify by touch shapes drawn on the skin
Exinction phenomena - inability to percieve touch simulatonsiouly on both sides of the body
Hemisensory loss

30
Q

Lesions of dominant parietal cortex result in..

A

Aphasia
Acalculia
Apraxia
Gerstmann syndrome - acalculia, agraphia, finger anomia, impaired left/right distinction

31
Q

Lesion of non-dominant parietal cortex results in..

A

spatial disorientation
constructional apraxia
dressing apraxia
hemispatial neglect

32
Q

Main functions of temporal lobe?

A

Auditory perception
visual perception and visual object recognition
language comprehension
long term memory storage and retrieval

33
Q

Lesions of dominant temporal cortex result in…

A 
Language impairment - aphasia 
alexia 
auditory hallucinations 
auditory agnosia 
impaired verbal memory
34
Q

Lesions of non-dominant temporal cortex results in..

A

Impaired musical ability
phonagnosia - inability to recognise voices
prosopagnosia - inability to recognise faces

35
Q

Functions of frontal cortex (prefrontal cortex anterior to premotor cortex)

A

initiation of desired activity/behavior - motivation, creatively, flexibility
inhibition of unwanted behaviours - judgement, delayed gratification, concentration, self control
Imposition of order - abstract reasoning, theory of mind, planning
cognitive control

36
Q

Lesion of frontal cortex result in…

A 
impaired motor function (on opposite side)
disinhibition 
impulsivity 
loss of motivation (abulia) 
altered personality 
poor attention span, distractability 
poor working memory 
poor executive control 
aphasia
37
Q

Functions of the limbic cortex (i.e. hippocampus, amygdala, etc)

A

Memory (encoding, long term storage and retrieval of episodic and autobiographical memories)
Emotion regulation and processing

38
Q

Lesions of Limbic Cortex result in:

A

Amnesia (retrograde vs. anterograde)
complex hallucinations
semantic impairment
emotional dysregulation

Anatomy (12 decks)

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