Motivation Lecture

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

Motivation arises from the interplay between nature (the bodily “push”) and nature (the “pulls” from our personal experiences, thoughts, and culture

Question 2

What is instinct?

Answer 2

complex behavior with a fixed pattern throughout a species and is not learned

Question 3

What is evolutionary theory?

Answer 3

Genes do predispose some species-typical behavior

Question 4

What are psychological needs?

Answer 4

Create an aroused and motivated state (i.e., a drive)

Question 5

What is a drive?

Answer 5

Pushes us to reduce that need

Question 6

What is drive-reduction theory?

Answer 6

when a physiological need increases, so does our psychological drive to reduce it

Question 7

What is homeostasis?

Answer 7

maintenance for a steady internal state

Question 8

What is arousal theory?

Answer 8

human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal. Having all our biological needs satisfied, we feel driven to experience simulation

Question 9

Who developed the hierarchy of needs?

Answer 9

Maslow (1970)

Question 10

What are the 6 needs in the hierarchy?

Answer 10

Physiological needs
Safety needs       
Belongingness and love needs 
Esteem needs     
Self-actualization
Self-transcendence needs

Question 11

In what order can you meet various needs in the hierarchy?

Answer 11

Physiological needs
Safety needs       
Belongingness and love needs 
Esteem needs     
Self-actualization
Self-transcendence needs

Question 12

Are stomach contractions necessary for hunger?

Answer 12

no

Question 13

Why do our bodied keep track of glucose?

Answer 13

When blood glucose levels drop, you won’t feel your blood sugar drop. However, your brain will trigger hunger

Question 14

What happens when blood glucose levels drop?

Answer 14

When blood glucose levels drop, you won’t feel your blood sugar drop. However, your brain will trigger hunger

Question 15

What happens when the arcuate nucleus releases hormones?

Answer 15

When the arcuate nucleus is stimulated, animals begin to eat

Question 16

What happens when the arcuate nucleus is destroyed?

Answer 16

animals will show no interest in food and start starving

Question 17

What happens when the hypothalamic region that secretes appetite stimulating hormones is destroyed?

Answer 17

animals can’t stop eating and become obese

Question 18

What is ghrelin and what is it’s function?

Answer 18

a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

Question 19

Where does ghrelin get secreted from?

Answer 19

an empty stomach

Question 20

What role does ghrelin play in bypass surgery?

Answer 20

seals off part of the stomach, it produces less ghrelin

Question 21

What is the ecology of eating and what are some examples?

Answer 21

Situational influences on eating
Examples:
Friends and food
Serving size
Stimulating selections
Nudging nutrition

Question 22

When do hormones rise and fall for each sex?

Answer 22

Female sex hormones fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle, while male sex hormones remain relatively stable

Question 23

Why were social bonds important for our ancestors?

Answer 23

Social bonds boosted our early ancestors’ chances of survival

Question 24

According to Ryan & Deci (2000), what three needs to people strive to satisfy?

Answer 24

Competence
Autonomy
Relatedness

Question 25

How does fulfilling these needs affect health and well-being?

Answer 25

Fulfilling these 3 needs increases health, reduces stress, and boosts self-esteem

Question 26

What is motivation achievement and why does it matter?

Answer 26

a desire for significant accomplishment, for mastering skills or ideas, for control, and attaining a high standard

Question 27

What are the two types of motivation and how are they different?

Answer 27

i. Intrinsic Motivation: the desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
ii. Extrinsic Motivation: behaving in certain ways that gain external rewards or avoid threatened punishment