Motivation, Emotion, Stress

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

Driving force behind actions

Question 2

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

Rewards or avoiding punishments

Competition

Question 3

Intrinsic motiviation

Answer 3

Driven by interest in task or pure enjoyment

Question 4

Instincts

Answer 4

Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

Question 5

Instinct theory of motivation

Answer 5

People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 6

Arousal

Answer 6

Psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

Question 7

Arousal theory

Answer 7

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Question 8

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 8

U shaped function beteween level of arousal and performance

Question 9

What requires more arousal, simple or complex tasks?

Answer 9

Simple

Question 10

Highly cognitive tasks require what level of arousal?

Answer 10

Lower level

Question 11

Drives

Answer 11

Internal states of tension that activate particular behavior focused goals

Question 12

Primary drives

Answer 12

Food, water, warmth

Question 13

Homeostasis

Answer 13

Regulation of internal environment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions- controlled by negative feedback loops

Question 14

Secondary drives

Answer 14

For emotions and from learning

Question 15

Drive reduction theory

Answer 15

Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable stress

Question 16

Needs

Answer 16

Motivators that influence human behavior

Question 17

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 17

Physiological, safety, love/belonging/esteem, self-actualization

Question 18

Self-actualization

Answer 18

Highest level of Maslow’s pyramid

Need to realize one’s full potential

Question 19

Self-determination theory

Answer 19

Emphasizes role of autonomy, need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas, competence, relatedness

Question 20

Four primary factors influencing motivation

Answer 20

Instincts, arousal, drives, needs

Question 21

Incentive theory

Answer 21

Behavior is motivated by desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments

Question 22

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 22

The amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and degree to which they value succeeding at the goal

Question 23

Opponent-process theory

Answer 23

When a drug is taken repeatedly, body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing physiology- reaction last longer than than the drug

Question 24

Tolerance

Answer 24

A decrease in perceived drug effect over time, explained by opponent-process theory

Question 25

Emotion

Answer 25

Natural instinctive state of mind derived from one's circumstances, mood, or relationship with others

Question 26

What are the three elements of emotion?

Answer 26

Physiological, behavioral, cognitive

Question 27

James-Lange theory of emotion

Answer 27

Stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to emotion (results in cognitive labeling of an emotion) I must be angry bc my blood pressure is high No emotion without peripheral feedback

Question 28

Canon-Bard theory of emotion

Answer 28

Physiologiclal arousal and feeling as an emotion occur at the same time Action after physical and mental emotion felt Physiology and cognitive at the same time, behavior after

Question 29

What brain areas control emotion?

Answer 29

Thalamus and amygdala

Question 30

Schnachter-Singer theory of emotion/cognitive arousal theory/two-factor theory

Answer 30

Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for emotion to be experienced Cognitive appraisal: in order to feel emotion, must consciously analyze environment in relation to nervous system arousal

Question 31

Limbic system

Answer 31

Amygdala, thalmus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, parts of cerebral cortex

Question 32

Amygdala

Answer 32

Signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions (Fear)

Question 33

Thalamus

Answer 33

Preliminary sensory processing station to route information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain

Question 34

Hippocampus

Answer 34

In temporal lobe Creating memories Creates context for stimuli to lead to emotion

Question 35

Episodic memory

Answer 35

Memory about emotions

Question 36

Emotional memory

Answer 36

Storage of actual emotions or feelings associated with an event, emotions are later retrieved when experiencing a similar event

Question 37

Explicit memory locatoin

Answer 37

Hippocampous

Question 38

Implicit memory location

Answer 38

Amygdala

Question 39

Explicit v. Implicit memory

Answer 39

What was remembered v. similar sensations in similar environment

Question 40

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 40

In frontal lobe is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, personality, making decisions

Question 41

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

Answer 41

Attention and cognition

Question 42

Ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 42

Connects regions of brain responsible for experiencing emotion (ventromedial prefrontal cortex)

Question 43

Skin conductivity correlated with

Answer 43

Sympathetic arousal

Question 44

Stress

Answer 44

Response to challenging events

Question 45

Cognitive appraisal

Answer 45

Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

Question 46

Primary appraisal

Answer 46

Evaluation of environment and associated threat

Question 47

Secondary appraisal

Answer 47

If primary appraisal reveals a threat, secondary evaluates whether the organism can cope with the stress

Question 48

What 3 things does secondary appraisal evaluate?

Answer 48

Harm, threat, challenge

Question 49

Reppraisal

Answer 49

Constant monitoring of situations like perception of being followed

Question 50

Distress

Answer 50

When experiencing unpleasant stressors,

Question 51

Eustress

Answer 51

Result of positive conditions- abrupt change in lifestyle

Question 52

Social readjustment rating scale

Answer 52

Measure of stress that is measured in life change units

Question 53

Approach-approach conflict

Answer 53

Choose between two desirable options

Question 54

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

Answer 54

Choices between two negative options

Question 55

Approach-avoidance options

Answer 55

Only one choice, but outcome can positive and negative elements

Question 56

Stages of general adaptation syndrome

Answer 56

Alarm (Sympathetic nervous action) (ACTH and adrenal medulla) Resistance - continuous release of hormones allows sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged Exhaustion- body can no longer maintain elevated response to sympathetic nervous activity