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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Motivation, Emotion, Stress > Flashcards

Motivation, Emotion, Stress Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Motivation

A

Driving force behind actions

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2
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Rewards or avoiding punishments

Competition

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3
Q

Intrinsic motiviation

A

Driven by interest in task or pure enjoyment

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4
Q

Instincts

A

Innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli

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5
Q

Instinct theory of motivation

A

People are driven to do certain behaviors based on evolutionarily programmed instincts

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6
Q

Arousal

A

Psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli

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7
Q

Arousal theory

A

People perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

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8
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

U shaped function beteween level of arousal and performance

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9
Q

What requires more arousal, simple or complex tasks?

A

Simple

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10
Q

Highly cognitive tasks require what level of arousal?

A

Lower level

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11
Q

Drives

A

Internal states of tension that activate particular behavior focused goals

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12
Q

Primary drives

A

Food, water, warmth

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13
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation of internal environment to maintain an optimal, stable set of conditions- controlled by negative feedback loops

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14
Q

Secondary drives

A

For emotions and from learning

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15
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable stress

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16
Q

Needs

A

Motivators that influence human behavior

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17
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Physiological, safety, love/belonging/esteem, self-actualization

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18
Q

Self-actualization

A

Highest level of Maslow’s pyramid

Need to realize one’s full potential

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19
Q

Self-determination theory

A

Emphasizes role of autonomy, need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas, competence, relatedness

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20
Q

Four primary factors influencing motivation

A

Instincts, arousal, drives, needs

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21
Q

Incentive theory

A

Behavior is motivated by desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments

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22
Q

Expectancy-value theory

A

The amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and degree to which they value succeeding at the goal

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23
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

When a drug is taken repeatedly, body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing physiology- reaction last longer than than the drug

24
Q

Tolerance

A

A decrease in perceived drug effect over time, explained by opponent-process theory

25
Q

Emotion

A

Natural instinctive state of mind derived from one’s circumstances, mood, or relationship with others

26
Q

What are the three elements of emotion?

A

Physiological, behavioral, cognitive

27
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

Stimulus results first in physiological arousal, which leads to emotion (results in cognitive labeling of an emotion)
I must be angry bc my blood pressure is high
No emotion without peripheral feedback

28
Q

Canon-Bard theory of emotion

A

Physiologiclal arousal and feeling as an emotion occur at the same time
Action after physical and mental emotion felt
Physiology and cognitive at the same time, behavior after

29
Q

What brain areas control emotion?

A

Thalamus and amygdala

30
Q

Schnachter-Singer theory of emotion/cognitive arousal theory/two-factor theory

A

Both arousal and labeling of arousal based on environment must occur in order for emotion to be experienced
Cognitive appraisal: in order to feel emotion, must consciously analyze environment in relation to nervous system arousal

31
Q

Limbic system

A

Amygdala, thalmus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, fornix, septal nuclei, parts of cerebral cortex

32
Q

Amygdala

A

Signals the cortex about stimuli related to attention and emotions (Fear)

33
Q

Thalamus

A

Preliminary sensory processing station to route information to the cortex and other appropriate areas of the brain

34
Q

Hippocampus

A

In temporal lobe
Creating memories
Creates context for stimuli to lead to emotion

35
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory about emotions

36
Q

Emotional memory

A

Storage of actual emotions or feelings associated with an event, emotions are later retrieved when experiencing a similar event

37
Q

Explicit memory locatoin

A

Hippocampous

38
Q

Implicit memory location

A

Amygdala

39
Q

Explicit v. Implicit memory

A

What was remembered v. similar sensations in similar environment

40
Q

Prefrontal cortex

A

In frontal lobe is associated with planning intricate cognitive functions, personality, making decisions

41
Q

Dorsal prefrontal cortex

A

Attention and cognition

42
Q

Ventral prefrontal cortex

A

Connects regions of brain responsible for experiencing emotion (ventromedial prefrontal cortex)

43
Q

Skin conductivity correlated with

A

Sympathetic arousal

44
Q

Stress

A

Response to challenging events

45
Q

Cognitive appraisal

A

Subjective evaluation of a situation that induces stress

46
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Evaluation of environment and associated threat

47
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

If primary appraisal reveals a threat, secondary evaluates whether the organism can cope with the stress

48
Q

What 3 things does secondary appraisal evaluate?

A

Harm, threat, challenge

49
Q

Reppraisal

A

Constant monitoring of situations like perception of being followed

50
Q

Distress

A

When experiencing unpleasant stressors,

51
Q

Eustress

A

Result of positive conditions- abrupt change in lifestyle

52
Q

Social readjustment rating scale

A

Measure of stress that is measured in life change units

53
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

Choose between two desirable options

54
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

A

Choices between two negative options

55
Q

Approach-avoidance options

A

Only one choice, but outcome can positive and negative elements

56
Q

Stages of general adaptation syndrome

A

Alarm (Sympathetic nervous action) (ACTH and adrenal medulla)
Resistance - continuous release of hormones allows sympathetic nervous system to remain engaged
Exhaustion- body can no longer maintain elevated response to sympathetic nervous activity

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (6 decks)

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