Identity and personality Flashcards
1
Q
Self-schema
A
Self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities
2
Q
Identity
A
Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong
3
Q
Self-concept v. identity
A
self-concept is all-encompassing
4
Q
Gender identity
A
Person’s appraisal of him or herself on scales of masculinity or femininity
5
Q
Androgyny
A
State of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine
6
Q
Undifferentiated
A
Lowly masculine or feminine
7
Q
Ethnic identity
A
One’s ethnic group in which members typically share a common ancestry, heritage, and language
8
Q
Nationality
A
Based on political borders
9
Q
Hierarchy of salience
A
Identities organized in a way that the situation dictates which identity holds most importance at any given moment
10
Q
Self-discrepancy theory
A
Each of us has three selves
Ideal self
Actual self
Ought self
11
Q
Ought self
A
Representation of how others think we should be
12
Q
The closer to one self is to another in self-discrepancy theory, the more:
A
Self-esteem we have
13
Q
Self-efficacy
A
Our belief in our ability to succeed
14
Q
Learned helplessness
A
Depression that cannot be changed until out of the situation
15
Q
Locus of control
A
The way we characterize influences in our lives
Internal-control their own future
External-luck or outside forces
16
Q
What drive did Freud believe humans were driven to reduce?
A
Libido
17
Q
Fixation
A
When a child is overly indulged or frustrated during a stage of development
18
Q
Neurosis
A
Personality formation from anxiety caused in fixation during childhood
19
Q
Oral stage
A
0 to 1
Gratification by putting things in mouth
20
Q
Anal stage
A
1 to 3
Gratification at anus and toilet training
21
Q
Phallic/Oedipal stage
A
3 to 5
Fears castration of father bc of envy for mother
22
Q
Latency
A
Lasts until puberty
After libido is sublimated
23
Q
Genital stage
A
Puberty through adulthood
Should enter healthy homosexual relationship
24
Q
Stages of Erk Erikson’s Stages of Personality
A
Trust v. mistrust Autonomy v. shame and doubt Initiative v. guilt Industry v. inferiority Identity v. role confusion Intimacy v. isolation Generativity v. stagnation Integrity v. despair
25
Trust v. mistrust
0 to 1
| Child trusts environment and himself
26
Autonomy v. shame and doubt
1 to 3
| Exert control over world and exercise choice and self-restraint
27
Initiative v. guilt
3 to 6
| Purpose, initiate activities, or enjoy accomplishment
28
Industry v. inferiority
6 to 12
| Competent, exercise abilities and intelligence and affect the world the way they want
29
Identity v. role confusion
12 to 20
Physiological revolution
Fidelity, ability to see self as unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties
30
Intimacy v. isolation
20 to 40
| Love and intimate relationships, and commit to others
31
Generativity v. stagnation
40 to 65
| Capable of being productive, caring, contributing member of society
32
Integrity v. despair
Above 65
Wisdom-detached concern with life itself
Assurance in meaning in life, dignity, and acceptance of worthwhile life
33
Kohlberg's Preconventional morality Phase
Places emphasis on consequences of moral choice
34
Stage one of preconvential morality (Kohlberg's Personality)
Obedience- avoiding punishment
35
Stage two of preconventional morality (Kohlberg's personality)
Self-interest about gaining rewards
36
Instrumental relativist stage
Stage two of Kohlberg's preconventional morality
| Self-concept of reciprocity and sharing
37
Conventional morality phase (Kohlberg' personality)
2nd phase of Kohlberg's personality theory
Begin to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others
Stage three (conformity) and stage four (law and order)
38
Stage three of conventional morality phase (Kohlberg's personality)
Conformity - person seeks approval of others
39
Stage four of conventional morality (Kohlberg's personailty)
Law and order-maintains social order to the highest regard
40
Postconventional morality phase (Kohlberg's personality)
Based on societal mores that may conflict with laws
41
Stage five of postconventional morality (Kohlberg's personality)
Social contract-moral rules as conventions designed to ensure greater good focused on individual rights
42
Stage six of postconventional morailty (Kohlberg's personality)
Universal human ethics- decisions by abstract principles
43
Stages of Khonlberg's Peronsality theory
Preconventional: Obedience, Self-interest
Conventional: Conformity, Law and Order
Postconventional: (some cannot reach) Social contract,, universal human ethics
44
Zone of proximal development
Vygotsky
| Skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in process of development
45
More knowledgeable other
Vygotsky
| To gain skills and abilities, people need the help of others
46
What drives cognitive development according to Lev Vygotsky?
Internalization of aspects of culture
47
Role-taking
Understand perspectives and roles of others
48
Theory of mind
Being able to sense how another's mind works and react to how they think about us
49
Looking glass self
What we think other people think of us
50
Reference group
Who we compare ourself to
51
Personality
The set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of the individual across time and different locations
52
What are the categories of personality theory?
Psychoanalytic- unconscious motivate external actions
Humanistic/Phenomenological:Value of individuals and their self-realization
Type- taxonomy of personality types
Trait-personality as sum of characteristic behaviors
Behaviorist-Operant conditioning
53
id
Basic primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce
54
Pleasure principle
Id wants to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any tension
55
Primary process
Id's response to frustration: now
56
Wish fulfillment
Mental imagery that fulfills need for satisfactions
57
Ego
Conscience
58
What of Freud's entities operated according to the reality principle?
Ego- takes into account objective reality to guide or inhibit the id
Secondary process
59
Superego
Needs based on the ideal self
60
What are the two subsystems of superego?
Conscience-Improper actions that lead to punishment
Ego-ideal-proper actions that are rewarded
System of right and worong
61
Conscous
Thought we have access to
62
Preconscious
Thoughts we aren't aware of
63
Unconscous
Thoughts that have been repressed
64
Eros
Life instinct-quest for survival instincts
65
Thanatos
Death instincts- unconsciously
66
What are the components of defense mechanisms
Deny or distort reality
| Operate unconsciously
67
Repression
Ego's way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious
68
Suppressoin
More deliberate, conscious form of forgetting
69
Regression
Reversion to an earlier developmental state
70
Reaction formation
Unconsciously convert urges into the exact opposite (hating a woman that doesn't like him)
71
Projection
Attribute their undesired feelings to others
| I hate my parents turns into my parents hate me
72
What kind of test is useful for projection?
Rorschach inkblot test
73
Thematic apperception test
Given a series of pictures to make a story about
74
Rationalization
Justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society
75
Displacement
Transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another
76
Sublimation
Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable ones
77
Jung's view of the conscious mind
The ego
78
Jung's two parts of unconscious mind
Personal unconscious- unaware thoughts
| Collective unconscious-powerful system that is shared among all humans and is residue of experiences of early ancestors
79
Archetypes
Underlying forms or concepts that give rise to archetypal images (persona, anima, shadow, self)
80
Persona
Mask-personality presented to the world
81
Anima/Animus
Feminine/Masculine sex-appropriate qualities
Feminine behaviors in males and masculine in females
Inner man or woman
82
Shadow
Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in consciousness
83
Jung's self
Point of intersection of collective unconscious, personal unconscious
84
what did Jung symbolize as the self?
Mandala
85
Jung's three dichotomies of personality
Extraversion v. Introversion
Sensing v. Intuiting
Thinking v. feeling
86
Myers-Briggs Inventory
Personality test + judging and perceiving
87
Inferiority complex (Alder)
Individual's sense of incompleteness, imperfections, and inferiority physically and socially
Striving for superiority drives the personality
88
Alder's creative self
Force by individuals shapes uniqueness and establishes his personality
89
Alder's Style of life
Manifestation of creative self and describes a person's unique way of achieving superiority
90
Alder's Fictional finalism
Notion that an individual is motivated more by expectation of future than by past
Life would be perfect if only...
91
Neurotic needs
Horney
| 10 needs of people with neurotic personalities
92
Basic anxiety
Inadequate parenting causes vulnerability and helplessness
93
Basic hositility
Neglect and rejection from parents causes anger
94
What stages of to overcome Horney's basic anxiety or basic hostility?
Move toward people, against people, or away from people
95
Object relations theory
Object- representation of parents or other caregivers based on subjective experiences during infancy
Last into adulthood and impacts interactions
96
Gestalt therapy
Tendency to view as holisitc self
97
Force field theory
No focus of fixed traits on on past and future, only present
| Sum on all forces in the mind- those that block and assist in goals
98
Peak experiences
profound experiences that self-actualized people are more likely to have than not self-actualized people
99
Personal construct psychology (Kelly)
Constructs relationships and interactions in the world like a scientist, testing predictions
100
Rogers's client-centered/nondirective therapy
People have freedom to control behavior and reflect on problems and generate positive actions and solutions
101
Unconditional positive regard
Therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy to promote a positive therapeutic environment
102
Somatotypes
Sheldon's personality type based on body type
103
Type A
Competitive and compulsive
104
Type B
Laid-back and relaxed
105
PEN model of personality traits
Psychoticism-nonconformity measure
Extraversion
Nerutoticism-Emotional arousal in stressful situations
106
Big Five traits of personality (OCEAN)
Openess, Conscientiousness, Extraversoin, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
107
Cardinal traits
Traits that a person organizes their life
108
Central traits
Major characteristics of personality that are easy to infer
109
Secondary traits
Other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence
110
Functional autonomy
A behavior continues despite satisfaction of drive that created behavior
111
Behaviorist perspective
Concepts of operant conditioning- reflection of behaviors enforced over time
112
Token economies
Positive behavior rewared
113
Social cognitive perspective
People's behaviors and traits shape their environments
114
Reciprocal determinism
Our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact in a given situation
Choose ones that best suit personality
115
Biological perspective
Genetic expressions in the brain
116
Dispositional approach
Behavior primarily determined by individual's personality
117
Situational approach
Environment and context determines individual's behavior
118
Is ought self a part of self concept?
No
