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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Identity and personality > Flashcards

Identity and personality Flashcards

1
Q

Self-schema

A

Self-given label that carries with it a set of qualities

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2
Q

Identity

A

Individual components of our self-concept related to the groups to which we belong

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3
Q

Self-concept v. identity

A

self-concept is all-encompassing

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4
Q

Gender identity

A

Person’s appraisal of him or herself on scales of masculinity or femininity

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5
Q

Androgyny

A

State of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine

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6
Q

Undifferentiated

A

Lowly masculine or feminine

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7
Q

Ethnic identity

A

One’s ethnic group in which members typically share a common ancestry, heritage, and language

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8
Q

Nationality

A

Based on political borders

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9
Q

Hierarchy of salience

A

Identities organized in a way that the situation dictates which identity holds most importance at any given moment

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10
Q

Self-discrepancy theory

A

Each of us has three selves
Ideal self
Actual self
Ought self

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11
Q

Ought self

A

Representation of how others think we should be

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12
Q

The closer to one self is to another in self-discrepancy theory, the more:

A

Self-esteem we have

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13
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Our belief in our ability to succeed

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14
Q

Learned helplessness

A

Depression that cannot be changed until out of the situation

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15
Q

Locus of control

A

The way we characterize influences in our lives
Internal-control their own future
External-luck or outside forces

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16
Q

What drive did Freud believe humans were driven to reduce?

A

Libido

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17
Q

Fixation

A

When a child is overly indulged or frustrated during a stage of development

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18
Q

Neurosis

A

Personality formation from anxiety caused in fixation during childhood

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19
Q

Oral stage

A

0 to 1

Gratification by putting things in mouth

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20
Q

Anal stage

A

1 to 3

Gratification at anus and toilet training

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21
Q

Phallic/Oedipal stage

A

3 to 5

Fears castration of father bc of envy for mother

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22
Q

Latency

A

Lasts until puberty

After libido is sublimated

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23
Q

Genital stage

A

Puberty through adulthood

Should enter healthy homosexual relationship

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24
Q

Stages of Erk Erikson’s Stages of Personality

A 
Trust v. mistrust
Autonomy v. shame and doubt
Initiative v. guilt
Industry v. inferiority 
Identity v. role confusion
Intimacy v. isolation
Generativity v. stagnation
Integrity v. despair
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25
Q

Trust v. mistrust

A

0 to 1

Child trusts environment and himself

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26
Q

Autonomy v. shame and doubt

A

1 to 3

Exert control over world and exercise choice and self-restraint

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27
Q

Initiative v. guilt

A

3 to 6

Purpose, initiate activities, or enjoy accomplishment

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28
Q

Industry v. inferiority

A

6 to 12

Competent, exercise abilities and intelligence and affect the world the way they want

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29
Q

Identity v. role confusion

A

12 to 20
Physiological revolution
Fidelity, ability to see self as unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties

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30
Q

Intimacy v. isolation

A

20 to 40

Love and intimate relationships, and commit to others

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31
Q

Generativity v. stagnation

A

40 to 65

Capable of being productive, caring, contributing member of society

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32
Q

Integrity v. despair

A

Above 65
Wisdom-detached concern with life itself
Assurance in meaning in life, dignity, and acceptance of worthwhile life

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33
Q

Kohlberg’s Preconventional morality Phase

A

Places emphasis on consequences of moral choice

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34
Q

Stage one of preconvential morality (Kohlberg’s Personality)

A

Obedience- avoiding punishment

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35
Q

Stage two of preconventional morality (Kohlberg’s personality)

A

Self-interest about gaining rewards

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36
Q

Instrumental relativist stage

A

Stage two of Kohlberg’s preconventional morality

Self-concept of reciprocity and sharing

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37
Q

Conventional morality phase (Kohlberg’ personality)

A

2nd phase of Kohlberg’s personality theory
Begin to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others
Stage three (conformity) and stage four (law and order)

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38
Q

Stage three of conventional morality phase (Kohlberg’s personality)

A

Conformity - person seeks approval of others

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39
Q

Stage four of conventional morality (Kohlberg’s personailty)

A

Law and order-maintains social order to the highest regard

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40
Q

Postconventional morality phase (Kohlberg’s personality)

A

Based on societal mores that may conflict with laws

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41
Q

Stage five of postconventional morality (Kohlberg’s personality)

A

Social contract-moral rules as conventions designed to ensure greater good focused on individual rights

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42
Q

Stage six of postconventional morailty (Kohlberg’s personality)

A

Universal human ethics- decisions by abstract principles

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43
Q

Stages of Khonlberg’s Peronsality theory

A

Preconventional: Obedience, Self-interest
Conventional: Conformity, Law and Order
Postconventional: (some cannot reach) Social contract,, universal human ethics

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44
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Vygotsky

Skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in process of development

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45
Q

More knowledgeable other

A

Vygotsky

To gain skills and abilities, people need the help of others

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46
Q

What drives cognitive development according to Lev Vygotsky?

A

Internalization of aspects of culture

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47
Q

Role-taking

A

Understand perspectives and roles of others

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48
Q

Theory of mind

A

Being able to sense how another’s mind works and react to how they think about us

49
Q

Looking glass self

A

What we think other people think of us

50
Q

Reference group

A

Who we compare ourself to

51
Q

Personality

A

The set of thoughts, feelings, traits, and behaviors that are characteristic of the individual across time and different locations

52
Q

What are the categories of personality theory?

A

Psychoanalytic- unconscious motivate external actions
Humanistic/Phenomenological:Value of individuals and their self-realization
Type- taxonomy of personality types
Trait-personality as sum of characteristic behaviors
Behaviorist-Operant conditioning

53
Q

id

A

Basic primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce

54
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Id wants to achieve immediate gratification to relieve any tension

55
Q

Primary process

A

Id’s response to frustration: now

56
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

Mental imagery that fulfills need for satisfactions

57
Q

Ego

A

Conscience

58
Q

What of Freud’s entities operated according to the reality principle?

A

Ego- takes into account objective reality to guide or inhibit the id
Secondary process

59
Q

Superego

A

Needs based on the ideal self

60
Q

What are the two subsystems of superego?

A

Conscience-Improper actions that lead to punishment
Ego-ideal-proper actions that are rewarded
System of right and worong

61
Q

Conscous

A

Thought we have access to

62
Q

Preconscious

A

Thoughts we aren’t aware of

63
Q

Unconscous

A

Thoughts that have been repressed

64
Q

Eros

A

Life instinct-quest for survival instincts

65
Q

Thanatos

A

Death instincts- unconsciously

66
Q

What are the components of defense mechanisms

A

Deny or distort reality

Operate unconsciously

67
Q

Repression

A

Ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious

68
Q

Suppressoin

A

More deliberate, conscious form of forgetting

69
Q

Regression

A

Reversion to an earlier developmental state

70
Q

Reaction formation

A

Unconsciously convert urges into the exact opposite (hating a woman that doesn’t like him)

71
Q

Projection

A

Attribute their undesired feelings to others

I hate my parents turns into my parents hate me

72
Q

What kind of test is useful for projection?

A

Rorschach inkblot test

73
Q

Thematic apperception test

A

Given a series of pictures to make a story about

74
Q

Rationalization

A

Justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society

75
Q

Displacement

A

Transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another

76
Q

Sublimation

A

Transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable ones

77
Q

Jung’s view of the conscious mind

A

The ego

78
Q

Jung’s two parts of unconscious mind

A

Personal unconscious- unaware thoughts

Collective unconscious-powerful system that is shared among all humans and is residue of experiences of early ancestors

79
Q

Archetypes

A

Underlying forms or concepts that give rise to archetypal images (persona, anima, shadow, self)

80
Q

Persona

A

Mask-personality presented to the world

81
Q

Anima/Animus

A

Feminine/Masculine sex-appropriate qualities
Feminine behaviors in males and masculine in females
Inner man or woman

82
Q

Shadow

A

Unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions in consciousness

83
Q

Jung’s self

A

Point of intersection of collective unconscious, personal unconscious

84
Q

what did Jung symbolize as the self?

A

Mandala

85
Q

Jung’s three dichotomies of personality

A

Extraversion v. Introversion
Sensing v. Intuiting
Thinking v. feeling

86
Q

Myers-Briggs Inventory

A

Personality test + judging and perceiving

87
Q

Inferiority complex (Alder)

A

Individual’s sense of incompleteness, imperfections, and inferiority physically and socially
Striving for superiority drives the personality

88
Q

Alder’s creative self

A

Force by individuals shapes uniqueness and establishes his personality

89
Q

Alder’s Style of life

A

Manifestation of creative self and describes a person’s unique way of achieving superiority

90
Q

Alder’s Fictional finalism

A

Notion that an individual is motivated more by expectation of future than by past
Life would be perfect if only…

91
Q

Neurotic needs

A

Horney

10 needs of people with neurotic personalities

92
Q

Basic anxiety

A

Inadequate parenting causes vulnerability and helplessness

93
Q

Basic hositility

A

Neglect and rejection from parents causes anger

94
Q

What stages of to overcome Horney’s basic anxiety or basic hostility?

A

Move toward people, against people, or away from people

95
Q

Object relations theory

A

Object- representation of parents or other caregivers based on subjective experiences during infancy
Last into adulthood and impacts interactions

96
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

Tendency to view as holisitc self

97
Q

Force field theory

A

No focus of fixed traits on on past and future, only present

Sum on all forces in the mind- those that block and assist in goals

98
Q

Peak experiences

A

profound experiences that self-actualized people are more likely to have than not self-actualized people

99
Q

Personal construct psychology (Kelly)

A

Constructs relationships and interactions in the world like a scientist, testing predictions

100
Q

Rogers’s client-centered/nondirective therapy

A

People have freedom to control behavior and reflect on problems and generate positive actions and solutions

101
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Therapist accepts the client completely and expresses empathy to promote a positive therapeutic environment

102
Q

Somatotypes

A

Sheldon’s personality type based on body type

103
Q

Type A

A

Competitive and compulsive

104
Q

Type B

A

Laid-back and relaxed

105
Q

PEN model of personality traits

A

Psychoticism-nonconformity measure
Extraversion
Nerutoticism-Emotional arousal in stressful situations

106
Q

Big Five traits of personality (OCEAN)

A

Openess, Conscientiousness, Extraversoin, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

107
Q

Cardinal traits

A

Traits that a person organizes their life

108
Q

Central traits

A

Major characteristics of personality that are easy to infer

109
Q

Secondary traits

A

Other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence

110
Q

Functional autonomy

A

A behavior continues despite satisfaction of drive that created behavior

111
Q

Behaviorist perspective

A

Concepts of operant conditioning- reflection of behaviors enforced over time

112
Q

Token economies

A

Positive behavior rewared

113
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

People’s behaviors and traits shape their environments

114
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact in a given situation
Choose ones that best suit personality

115
Q

Biological perspective

A

Genetic expressions in the brain

116
Q

Dispositional approach

A

Behavior primarily determined by individual’s personality

117
Q

Situational approach

A

Environment and context determines individual’s behavior

118
Q

Is ought self a part of self concept?

A

No

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (6 decks)

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