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MCAT Behavioral Sciences > Learning & Memory > Flashcards

Learning & Memory Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Habituation

A

CNS response to repeated exposure to the same stimulus & decreased response

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2
Q

Dishabituation

A

Recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred
Usually in response to a second stimulus and occurs as response to changes in original stimulus

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3
Q

Associative learning

A

Creation of pairing/association of two stimuli or a behavior and a response

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Uses instinctual responses to create associations between unrelated stimuli

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5
Q

What kind of learning is classical conditioning?

A

Associative

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6
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Any stimuli that brings about a reflexive response

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7
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Innate or reflexive response

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8
Q

Neutral stimuli

A

A stimuli that doesn’t produce a reflexive response

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9
Q

Conditioned stimuli

A

A normally neutral stimuli that through association causes a reflexive response

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10
Q

Conditioned response

A

A reflexive response caused by a conditioned stimuli

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11
Q

Acquisition

A

Process of turning an unconditioned stimuli to a conditioned stimuli & response

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12
Q

Extinction

A

Process of losing conditioned response with before conditioned stimuli

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13
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

A weak conditioned response occurring in the presence of an extinct conditioned stimulus

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14
Q

Generalization

A

Broadening effect by which a stimulus to conditioned stimulus also produces conditioned response

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15
Q

Discrimination

A

Learning to distinguish between two similar stimuli

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16
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Voluntary behaviors linked to consequences to alter frequency of these behaviors

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17
Q

What kind of learning is operant conditioning?

A

Associative learning

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18
Q

Behaviorism

A

Theory that all behaviors are conditioned

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19
Q

Reinforcement

A

Increasing the likelihood an individual will perform a behavior

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20
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Increase behavior by adding something

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21
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Increase behavior by removing

Taking an aspirin to remove a headache

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22
Q

Escape learning

A

Role of behavior is to reduce unpleasantness of something that already exists (headache)`

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23
Q

Avoidance learning

A

Prevents unpleasantness of something that has not yet happened

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24
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

Addition of something that the organism responds to naturally

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25
Q

Secondary reinforcer

A

Conditioned reinforcer that is not usually naturally responded to

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26
Q

Punishment

A

Using a condition to reduce the occurence of a behavior

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27
Q

Positive punishment

A

Add unpleasant consequences in response to behavior

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28
Q

Negative punishment

A

Reduction of behavior when a stimulus is removed

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29
Q

Fixed ratio schedule

A

reinforces behavior after a specific number of performances

Continuous reinforcement - reward every time

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30
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforces behavior after a varying number of performances, but an average that is relatively consntant

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31
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforces behavior after a specified time period

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32
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

Reinforces behavior after a varying interval of time

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33
Q

Which schedule works the fastest at learning & most resistant new info?

A

Variable ratio

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34
Q

Shaping

A

In operant conditioning is the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors

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35
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced

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36
Q

Problem solving

A

Outside standard behaviorist approach- look for entire picture

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37
Q

Preparedness

A

Predisposition to learn behaviors based on own natural instincts`

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38
Q

Instinctive drift

A

In ability to overcome instinctive behaviors

39
Q

Obervational learning

A

Process of learning a new behavior or gaining information by watching others

40
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Neurons in frontal & parietal lobes that fire when an individual performs an action and when they observe S

41
Q

Modeling

A

Learning by example

42
Q

Three major processes of memory formation

A

Encoding, storage, and retrieval

43
Q

Encoding

A

Putting new information into memory

44
Q

Automatic processing

A

Information gained without any effort

45
Q

Controlled (effortful) processing

A

Active memorization to gain information

46
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

Encoding by the way it sounds

47
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Encoding by putting it into meaningful context

Strongest

48
Q

Which encoding is the weakest?

A

Visual encoding

49
Q

Self-reference effect

A

Being able to recall information better if it is put into the context of our lives

50
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Repetition of a piece of information to keep it within working memory

51
Q

Mnemonics

A

Common way to memorize lists of information

52
Q

Method of loci

A

Associating each item in a list with a location along a route that has already been memorized

53
Q

Peg-word system

A

Associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers

54
Q

Chunking

A

Taking on individual elements of a large list & grouping them together into groups

55
Q

Sensory memory

A

First & most fleeting kind of memory

56
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual memory

57
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditiory memory

58
Q

Where is hearing maintained

A

Temporal lobe

59
Q

Whole report v. Parital report

A

Being able to recall things from the whole v. things from sections or parts

60
Q

7 +- 2 rule

A

Short-term memory is usually isolated to about 7 +- 2 things at a time

61
Q

Where is short-term memory housed

A

Hippocampus–>consolidates into long-term memor

62
Q

Where is working memory used

A

Frontal & parietal lobes

63
Q

Elaborative rehearsal

A

Association of information to knowledge already stored in long-term memory

64
Q

Where is long-term memory eventually moved?

A

The cerebral cortex

65
Q

Implicit/nondeclaritive/procedural memory

A

Skills & conditioned responses

66
Q

Eplicit/declaritive memory

A

Memories that require conscious recall

67
Q

Semantic memory

A

Facts known

68
Q

Episodic memory

A

Experiences

69
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of demonstating that something has been learned and can be retained

70
Q

Recognition

A

Process of merely identifying a piece of information previously learned

71
Q

Relearning

A

Longer amount of time between sessions of re-learning, greater retention of information later on

72
Q

Spacing effect

A

Longer time between sessions- more effective learning

73
Q

Semantic network

A

Organization of ideas into an interconnected network

74
Q

Spreading activation

A

Activating other linked concepts when one is activated

75
Q

Priming

A

Recall aided by first being presented with similar to desired semantic memory

76
Q

Context effects

A

Memory aided by being in the same physcial location as where encoding took place

77
Q

State-dependent memory

A

Learning better during that state

78
Q

Serial position effect

A

Retrieval cue that appears while learning lists

79
Q

Primacy & recency effect

A

Tendency to remember first and last items on a list

80
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Loss of acetylcholine in neurons linked to hippocampus
Dementia- loss of cognitive function & memory loss
Retrograde- lose recent first
Sundowning- increased dysfunction in late afternoon

81
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Thyamine deficiency
Retrograde amnesia & anterograde amnesia (no new memories)
Confabulation

82
Q

Confabulation

A

Creating vivid but fabricated memories

83
Q

Agnosia

A

Loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds

84
Q

Interference

A

Retrieval error caused by existence of similar information

85
Q

Proactive interference

A

Old information interferes with new learning

86
Q

Retroactive interference

A

New information causes forgetting of old

87
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remembering to perform tasks at some point in the future

Remains intact when it is event based, not time-based

88
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Faulty memory construction due to faulty information

89
Q

Source-monitoring error

A

Confusion between semantic and episodic memory

Remembers details but not context

90
Q

Neuroplasticiyt

A

Rapid formation of neural connections due to stimuli

91
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

Weaker neural connections broken as we age with ones that are stronger

92
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Strengthening of long-term memory due to increased repetition of stimuluS

93
Q

Where is the hippocampus

A

Temporal lobe

94
Q

Semantic encoding v. semantic memory

A

Encoding- meaningful context

Memory- things we know

MCAT Behavioral Sciences (6 decks)

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