motivation, emotion, ppersonality Flashcards
motivation
-influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, need, or drive that energizes and directs behavior
needs
-anything required to survive
-things that bring us to homeostasis (bodily functions to remain stable/in equilibrium)
-ex. food, water, shelter
drive
-controlled in our hypothalamus
-motivates to fulfill or satisfy our needs
what do needs + drive accomplish?
push us into action together
incentive
-positive or negative stimuli
-pull us in one way or another to satisfy our needs/drives to motivate our behaviors
drive reduction theory
-motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis
-imbalance creates need, brain creates drive, that motivates organism to satisfy/ reduce driving, returning to homeostasis
-ex. need (food) –> drive (hunger) –> drive reducing behavior (eating)
optimal arousal theory
-between low (bored) stress and hyper arousal (anxious) = flourishing life
-having biological needs satisfied = feel driven to experience simulation
-lacking stimulation = feel bored = looking for a way to increase arousal
-too much stimulation (aka stress) = decrease arousal
instinct theory
-insticts are innate automatic disposition toward responding in a certain way when contfronted with a specific stimulus: unlearned
-ex. birds building nests, migrating south
maslow’s hierarchy of needs (info)
-some human needs have priority over others
-start are base (each level established before moving up(
-each level doesn’t need to have 100%
-average american = level 1 85% level 2 70% level 3 50% level 4 40% level 5 10%
maslow’s hierarchy of needs levels
-level 1 = biological and physiological needs: basic life needs like water, food, etc,
-level 2 = safety needs: protection, security, order, laws
-level 3 = belonging and love needs: family, relationships, affection
-level 4 = esteem needs: achievements, status resonsibility
-level 5 = self actualization: personal growth, fufillment
emotions
-mix of physiological activation/responses, changes in thoughts and expressive behaviors, and personal evaluation on a conscious level
primary emotions
-adaptive
-shared across cultures
-associated with specific physical states
-ex. anger, sadness, happiness, fear, disgust
secondary emotions
-blend of different primary emotions
-ex. remorse, guilt, shame, submission, anticipation
james-lange theory of emotion
-our exerience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses or activity to an emotion-arousing stimulus
-stimulus = arousal/physiological response = emotion
-bodily changes ultimately cause you to feel emotions
-ex. feel sorry; cry, angry; strike
schatchter-singer two-factor theory of emotion
-physical reactions and thoughts (perceptions, memories, interpretations) together create emotions
-physical arousal + cognitive label = emotion
cannon-bard theory of emotion
-emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers both physiological responses and subjective experience of emotion
-exposure to stimulus = sensory signals = thalamus
-thalamus sends info to amygdala (emotional response) and cerebral cortex (physiological response) at the same time
personality
-individual’s characteristic pattern of feelign, thinking, and acting
-relatively stable over time and across circustances
-our notion of our self and perosnality can change over time as we grow and mature
dissociation
-like daydreaming
-or like getting lost in the moment while working on a project
-characterized by separation of critical parts of the personality (identity, memory, consciousness) that are usually integrated/ work together
-short periods of temporary dissocation are normal for most people
dissociative identity disorder
-aka multiple personality disorder
-person appears to have 2 or more distinct perosnalities
-personalities can act, seak, write different ways
-can have their own memories, impulses, and wishes
-impulses may conflict
-personalities have to take turnes
-person may seem very inconsistent bc of strong variation
-ex. herschel walker, shriely mason, “sybil”
antisocial personality disorder
-most well-known personality disorder
-clinical features (must have at least 3) include:
-lacko f conforming to lawas
-repeated decietfulness (lying, using false names, conning others) for pleasure
-tendency to anger, irritability, aggression (shown by repeatedly assaulting others or getting into physical fights)
-disregard for ersonal and others safety
-cluster B
antisocial personality disorder diagnosis
-approximatley 3.6% of the population
-similar across race
-APD highest in men wtih substance abuse, alcohol, prison
-cannot be diagnosed until 18 years old
-must ahve shown symptoms since 15 yrs old
-usually arleady diagnosed with conduct disodreder
-sometimes sociopath or psychopath is related
disorders associated with APD
-conduct disorder: basic rigths of others/ age appropriate norms are violated, “antisocial” behavior
-oppositional defiant disorder: anger, irritability, arguing, defiances, or vindictiveness towards parents/ authority figures
causes of APD
-chronic underarousal of the automatic and central nervous systems
-leads to abnormally low anxioiusness
-may make ppl less sensitive to punishment
-underdeveloped amygdala
-environmental factors relating to parenting/ childhood
personality disorders
-long-standing inflexible personality traits that impar social functioning
-ppl with them often seeek treatment beecause of the insistence of others because they rae not “distressed” by their disorders
