Motivation & Emotion

Question 1

Describe the psychodynamic perspective on motivation

Answer 1

Biological basis. Freud: humans are motivated by drives; mainly sex (libido) and aggression.

Question 2

What are the two new motivations since Freud

Answer 2

The need for relatedness to others (independent sexual desires) and the need for self-esteem (feeling good about oneself)

Question 3

What replaced the notion of drives?

Answer 3

Wishes and fears

Question 4

Describe unconscious motivation

Answer 4

Unconscious motives are studied through a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) which consist of pictures that participants use to make up a story. It gives information on the persons unconscious motivations

Question 5

Implicit and Explicit Motives

Answer 5

Implicit motives = Unconscious, Explicit Motives = Conscious

Question 6

Describe the behaviourist perspective on motivation

Answer 6

Humans are motivated to produce behaviours rewarded by the environment and to avoid behaviours that are punished

Question 7

What is a primary and secondary drive

Answer 7

Primary is an innate need (food, sex, thirst). Secondary is learned through conditioning.

Question 8

Describe the Cognitive Perspective on motivation

Answer 8

Expectancy value theory (driven to attain goals that matter a lot to us and we believe we can accomplish).

Question 9

Explain Goal-setting theory

Answer 9

Conscious goals regulate much of human action, especially performance on work-related tasks.

Question 10

Describe Intrinsic motivation

Answer 10

Enjoyment of an activity for its own sake

Question 11

Describe Self-determination theory

Answer 11

people have innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness, (intrinsic motivation thrives when these are fulfilled).

Question 12

Describe the Humanistic Perspective on motivation

Answer 12

Includes mallows hierarchy of needs,

Question 13

Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 13

The hierarchy includes; physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualisation needs.

Question 14

Describe ERG theory

Answer 14

Workers are motivated by 3 needs; existence, relatedness and growth.

Question 15

Describe the Evolutionary Perspective on motivation

Answer 15

Involves instincts, fixed patterns of behaviour produced without learning.

Question 16

Describe the two clusters of psychosocial needs

Answer 16

Relatedness and agency (achievement, autonomy, mastery, power) (self-orientated goals)

Question 17

Describe needs for relatedness

Answer 17

Attachment, intimacy, and affiliation

Question 18

Describe achievement goals

Answer 18

performance-approach goals (desire to meet a socially defined standard), performance-avoidance goals (the desire to avoid failure), mastery goals

Question 19

Describe emotion

Answer 19

Evaluative response, includes; physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural or emotional expression.

Question 20

What is the James-Lange theory

Answer 20

Asserts that emotions originate in peripheral nervous system responses, which the CNS interprets. (I feel afraid because I tremble)

Question 21

What is the Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 21

Argues that emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotional experience and bodily responses. (I simultaneously tremble and feel afraid)

Question 22

What is emotional expression and display rules

Answer 22

refers to the overt behavioural signs of emotion. display rules are patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a culture or subculture.

Question 23

What is emotion regulation

Answer 23

Refers to efforts to control emotional states.

Question 24

Psychodynamic approach to emotion

Answer 24

People can be unconscious of their emotional experience and can act on emotions even when they lack subjective awareness of them

Question 25

Cognitive approach to emotion

Answer 25

The Schachter-Singer theory, says emotion occurs as people interpret their physiological arousal. Mood and emotion can affect thought and memory.

Question 26

Evolutionary perspective on emotion

Answer 26

Emotion serves an important role in communication between members of a species. Powerful source of motivation.