Motivation & Emotion Flashcards
Describe the psychodynamic perspective on motivation
Biological basis. Freud: humans are motivated by drives; mainly sex (libido) and aggression.
What are the two new motivations since Freud
The need for relatedness to others (independent sexual desires) and the need for self-esteem (feeling good about oneself)
What replaced the notion of drives?
Wishes and fears
Describe unconscious motivation
Unconscious motives are studied through a Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) which consist of pictures that participants use to make up a story. It gives information on the persons unconscious motivations
Implicit and Explicit Motives
Implicit motives = Unconscious, Explicit Motives = Conscious
Describe the behaviourist perspective on motivation
Humans are motivated to produce behaviours rewarded by the environment and to avoid behaviours that are punished
What is a primary and secondary drive
Primary is an innate need (food, sex, thirst). Secondary is learned through conditioning.
Describe the Cognitive Perspective on motivation
Expectancy value theory (driven to attain goals that matter a lot to us and we believe we can accomplish).
Explain Goal-setting theory
Conscious goals regulate much of human action, especially performance on work-related tasks.
Describe Intrinsic motivation
Enjoyment of an activity for its own sake
Describe Self-determination theory
people have innate needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness, (intrinsic motivation thrives when these are fulfilled).
Describe the Humanistic Perspective on motivation
Includes mallows hierarchy of needs,
Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
The hierarchy includes; physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualisation needs.
Describe ERG theory
Workers are motivated by 3 needs; existence, relatedness and growth.
Describe the Evolutionary Perspective on motivation
Involves instincts, fixed patterns of behaviour produced without learning.
Describe the two clusters of psychosocial needs
Relatedness and agency (achievement, autonomy, mastery, power) (self-orientated goals)
Describe needs for relatedness
Attachment, intimacy, and affiliation
Describe achievement goals
performance-approach goals (desire to meet a socially defined standard), performance-avoidance goals (the desire to avoid failure), mastery goals
Describe emotion
Evaluative response, includes; physiological arousal, subjective experience and behavioural or emotional expression.
What is the James-Lange theory
Asserts that emotions originate in peripheral nervous system responses, which the CNS interprets. (I feel afraid because I tremble)
What is the Cannon-Bard theory
Argues that emotion-inducing stimuli simultaneously elicit both an emotional experience and bodily responses. (I simultaneously tremble and feel afraid)
What is emotional expression and display rules
refers to the overt behavioural signs of emotion. display rules are patterns of emotional expression considered appropriate within a culture or subculture.
What is emotion regulation
Refers to efforts to control emotional states.
Psychodynamic approach to emotion
People can be unconscious of their emotional experience and can act on emotions even when they lack subjective awareness of them
Cognitive approach to emotion
The Schachter-Singer theory, says emotion occurs as people interpret their physiological arousal. Mood and emotion can affect thought and memory.
Evolutionary perspective on emotion
Emotion serves an important role in communication between members of a species. Powerful source of motivation.
