Motivation and Energy and Developmental Psych Flashcards
To be considered a true instinct, or inherited behavior pattern characteristic of a species, what must it be?
Stereotypical
List four primary drives.
hunger
thirst
need to sleep
drive to reproduce
What does the arousal theory of motivation state?
The arousal theory of motivation states that there is an optimum level of arousal (or: alertness and activation) at which performance on a given task is optimal.
Homeostasis is important because it keeps our body in a constant state of equilibrium. Through what operation does homeostasis occur?
Negative Feedback loop
_______ is the sum total of all chemical processes that occur in our bodies and are necessary to keep us alive.
Metabolism
In terms of regulatory functioning, what is the role of the hypothalamus?
hunger, sex, and other homeostatic functioning
What are the two candidate hypotheses for the feedback loops controlling eating?
glucostatic hypothesis
lipostatic hypothesis
Explain how the glucostatic theory of homeostatic regulation works.
Glucose is the primary fuel of the brain and most other organs; when insulin (a hormone produced to regulate glucose) rises, glucose decreases. In order to restore glucostatic balance, a person needs to eat.
This theory gained support through the discovery that the hypothalamus has cells that detect glucose.
Describe the lipostatic hypothesis.
The lipostatic hypothesis states that fat is the measured and controlled substance in the body that regulates hunger; it provides the long-term energy store for our bodies.
This hypothesis gained support after the discovery of leptin, a hormone secreted by fat cells, which is used by the brain to monitor the amount of fat in the body.
In order to be diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, one must be what percentage below ideal body weight?
15%
Which theory of obesity claims that each person has a preset natural body weight determined by the number of fat cells in our body?
Set-Point Theory
Which area of the brain is greatly implicated in drinking?
Hypothalmus
__________ and __________, the primary sexual hormones in males and females, are produced by the pituitary gland and ignite the motivation to reproduce.
androgens
Estrogen
What are the five levels of the hierarchical system of needs?
physiological needs safety and security needs belongingness needs self-esteem needs self-actualization
What is self-efficacy?
Self-efficacy is the belief that we can or cannot attain a particular goal.
This scale, created by Holmes and Rahe, rates stressful events in our lives; it is meant to determine the probability of facing a major health event within the next year.
social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
What research method is most often used in normative development?
cross-sectional method
Describe the longitudinal method.
involves following a small group of people over a long portion of their lives, assessing change at set intervals
the time during which a skill or ability must develop is referred to as the __________.
critical period
What are the three phases of gestation that the zygote experiences?
germinal stage
embryonic stage
fetal stage
What are Piaget’s stages of development?
sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operational
formal operational
The inability to see the world from anyone else’s point of view is __________.
egocentrism
John Bowlby is considered to be the father of what theory?
attachement theory
Locke proposed the idea of __________, which states that all development is the direct result of learning; the organism develops more complex behaviors and cognition because it acquires more associations.
tabula rasa
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross pioneered a theory of social development about the stages of death and dying in which she identified stages of grief. What are the stages?
denial anger bargaining depression acceptance
Alcohol is one example of a __________, wherein exposure could lead to fetal alcohol syndrome.
teratogen