Learning and Cognition and conscious Flashcards
What kind of information is stored at the preconscious level
automatic functions, it can be retrieved when needed as it is always available
What are the lower levels of consciousness?
preconscious level
subconscious level
unconscious level
nonconscious level
What is REM rebound and who discovered it?
Discovered by William Dement, it is the idea that if we are deprived of REM sleep for one cycle and then allowed to sleep normally, our REM periods will increase.
What information is stored at the subconscious level?
The subconscious stores information that we have been primed to but are not consciously aware of.
In contrast to the story of the dream, which offers insight into the symbols relating to the unconscious, the __________ discloses the actual underlying meaning of the dream.
Latent Content
What are the two important functions of consciousness?
monitoring ourselves, our environment, and our relationship with the environment
controlling role, planning responses to the information gathered about the environment
What three processes occur during dreams?
neural repair
consolidation of memories
protein synthesis
What was Ernest Hilgard’s theory on hypnosis?
He hypothesized a choice to dissociate from certain parts of consciousness during hypnosis, called the dissociation theory.
According to psychoanalytic theory, the story content of the dream, also known as the __________, offers important information about the unconscius processes
manifest content
Name two things that we can do in a state of consciousness, while remaining aware that we are doing them.
evaluate the environment
filter information from the environment through the mind
What are two restorative functions of sleep?
protein synthesis
maintaining plasticity of neural connections for storing and retrieving memories (consolidation)
Why is REM sleep sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep?
Brainwaves mirror those of when we are awake
Chemicals that can pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain to alter perception, thinking, behavior, and mood are known as __________.
psycoactive drugs
Which depressant has its effects on the brain through decreasing dopamine levels?
alcohol
What are the three components of the information-processing model of memory?
Also called the three-box model, the information-processing model includes:
sensory memory (or sensory register) short-term memory (or working memory) long-term memory
What are the three types of long-term memory?
episodic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory
What makes episodic memory different from semantic memory?
Episodic memory involves the self, like remembering your first kiss or other episodes from your life.
Semantic memory does not involve the self, but rather facts, like directions from your home to school.
Who first established primacy, recency, and the serial position curve?
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
How did Noam Chomsky believe we learn language?
While he believed there was a critical period of time where we are more susceptible to language acquisition, Chomsky believed we are born with an innate ability to learn language, or a language acquisition device.
What is Benjamin Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis?
Our thinking is limited to the type of language we use
Procedural memory is the part of long-term memory
that remembers how to perform an action. like riding a bike
What did Sperling’s letter recall study find?
It found that we possess iconic memory, which holds an exact picture of a stimulus in our sensory memory for a split second.
What is the difference between a phoneme and a morpheme?
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a given language.
A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaningful sound in a given language.
Phonemes combine to make morphemes, and morphemes combine to make words. Words are put into order to convey meaning, which is called syntax.
What is retrieval, and what are the two types of it?
Retrieval is the act of pulling up stored memories for use.
The two types of retrieval are recognition and recall.
If an amnesic can remember events before he got amnesia (but not after), what kind of amnesia does he have?
Anterograde amnesia prevents patients from making new autobiographical memories, but allows them to recall memories from before the onset of amnesia.
What is another term for photographic memory?
eidetic memory
What are the three types of learning?
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
cognitive learnin
Q.Define:
classical conditioning
A.
learning that takes place when two stimuli, one conditioned and one unconditioned, are presented together to induce the same response
For example, Pavlov rang a bell when he was going to feed his dogs. The dogs would naturally salivate when food was presented to them, but over time when Pavlov rang his bell his dogs would salivate even without the presence of food.
Stimuli that increase the likelihood of a behavior are called __________.
reinforcers
What is instrumental learning?
Thorndike’s term for type of associative learning where a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequence
Explain the Law of Effect.
behaviors followed by a positive consequence are strengthened and more likely to occur
behaviors followed by a negative consequence are weakened and less likely to occur
concluded by Edward Thorndike
What are the four training procedures of B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning?
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
omission training
Explain the two types of negative reinforcement.
avoidance behavior: takes away the aversive stimulus before it begins
escape behavior: takes away the aversive stimulus after it has already started
What did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner study?
studied only behaviors, disregarded thought processes because they were not observable
Who observed insight (ability to come to an answer suddenly) in chimpanzees?
Wolfgang Kohler
What are the four steps of observational learning, according to Albert Bandura?
attention
retention
reproduction
motivation
conditioned taste aversion
intense dislike and avoidance of a food because of its association with an unpleasant or painful stimulus through backward conditioning
adaptive responses of organisms to foods that could sicken or kill them
a.k.a. Garcia effect
Q.Define in terms of Pavlov's experiment: unconditioned stimulus (UCS or US)
A.
reflexively, automatically brings about a response
Pavlov’s example:
Food is the UCS because it automatically brings about salivation.
How is backwards conditioning timed
unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus
Pavlov’s example:
Food is presented before the bell rings.
Define acquisition as it relates to classical conditioning.
passively learning to give a known response to a new stimulus
classical conditioning
learning that takes place when two stimuli, one conditioned and one unconditioned, are presented together to induce the same response
