Learning and Cognition and conscious

Question 1

What kind of information is stored at the preconscious level

Answer 1

automatic functions, it can be retrieved when needed as it is always available

Question 2

What are the lower levels of consciousness?

Answer 2

preconscious level
subconscious level
unconscious level
nonconscious level

Question 3

What is REM rebound and who discovered it?

Answer 3

Discovered by William Dement, it is the idea that if we are deprived of REM sleep for one cycle and then allowed to sleep normally, our REM periods will increase.

Question 4

What information is stored at the subconscious level?

Answer 4

The subconscious stores information that we have been primed to but are not consciously aware of.

Question 5

In contrast to the story of the dream, which offers insight into the symbols relating to the unconscious, the __________ discloses the actual underlying meaning of the dream.

Answer 5

Latent Content

Question 6

What are the two important functions of consciousness?

Answer 6

monitoring ourselves, our environment, and our relationship with the environment
controlling role, planning responses to the information gathered about the environment

Question 7

What three processes occur during dreams?

Answer 7

neural repair
consolidation of memories
protein synthesis

Question 8

What was Ernest Hilgard’s theory on hypnosis?

Answer 8

He hypothesized a choice to dissociate from certain parts of consciousness during hypnosis, called the dissociation theory.

Question 9

According to psychoanalytic theory, the story content of the dream, also known as the __________, offers important information about the unconscius processes

Answer 9

manifest content

Question 10

Name two things that we can do in a state of consciousness, while remaining aware that we are doing them.

Answer 10

evaluate the environment

filter information from the environment through the mind

Question 11

What are two restorative functions of sleep?

Answer 11

protein synthesis

maintaining plasticity of neural connections for storing and retrieving memories (consolidation)

Question 12

Why is REM sleep sometimes referred to as paradoxical sleep?

Answer 12

Brainwaves mirror those of when we are awake

Question 13

Chemicals that can pass through the blood-brain barrier into the brain to alter perception, thinking, behavior, and mood are known as __________.

Answer 13

psycoactive drugs

Question 14

Which depressant has its effects on the brain through decreasing dopamine levels?

Answer 14

alcohol

Question 15

What are the three components of the information-processing model of memory?

Answer 15

Also called the three-box model, the information-processing model includes:

sensory memory (or sensory register)
short-term memory (or working memory)
long-term memory

Question 16

What are the three types of long-term memory?

Answer 16

episodic memory
semantic memory
procedural memory

Question 17

What makes episodic memory different from semantic memory?

Answer 17

Episodic memory involves the self, like remembering your first kiss or other episodes from your life.

Semantic memory does not involve the self, but rather facts, like directions from your home to school.

Question 18

Who first established primacy, recency, and the serial position curve?

Answer 18

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

Question 19

How did Noam Chomsky believe we learn language?

Answer 19

While he believed there was a critical period of time where we are more susceptible to language acquisition, Chomsky believed we are born with an innate ability to learn language, or a language acquisition device.

Question 20

What is Benjamin Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis?

Answer 20

Our thinking is limited to the type of language we use

Question 21

Procedural memory is the part of long-term memory

Answer 21

that remembers how to perform an action. like riding a bike

Question 22

What did Sperling’s letter recall study find?

Answer 22

It found that we possess iconic memory, which holds an exact picture of a stimulus in our sensory memory for a split second.

Question 23

What is the difference between a phoneme and a morpheme?

Answer 23

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a given language.

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaningful sound in a given language.

Phonemes combine to make morphemes, and morphemes combine to make words. Words are put into order to convey meaning, which is called syntax.

Question 24

What is retrieval, and what are the two types of it?

Answer 24

Retrieval is the act of pulling up stored memories for use.

The two types of retrieval are recognition and recall.

Question 25

If an amnesic can remember events before he got amnesia (but not after), what kind of amnesia does he have?

Answer 25

Anterograde amnesia prevents patients from making new autobiographical memories, but allows them to recall memories from before the onset of amnesia.

Question 26

What is another term for photographic memory?

Answer 26

eidetic memory

Question 27

What are the three types of learning?

Answer 27

classical conditioning
operant conditioning
cognitive learnin

Question 28

Q.Define:

classical conditioning

Answer 28

A.
learning that takes place when two stimuli, one conditioned and one unconditioned, are presented together to induce the same response

For example, Pavlov rang a bell when he was going to feed his dogs. The dogs would naturally salivate when food was presented to them, but over time when Pavlov rang his bell his dogs would salivate even without the presence of food.

Question 29

Stimuli that increase the likelihood of a behavior are called __________.

Answer 29

reinforcers

Question 30

What is instrumental learning?

Answer 30

Thorndike’s term for type of associative learning where a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequence

Question 31

Explain the Law of Effect.

Answer 31

behaviors followed by a positive consequence are strengthened and more likely to occur
behaviors followed by a negative consequence are weakened and less likely to occur
concluded by Edward Thorndike

Question 32

What are the four training procedures of B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning?

Answer 32

positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
omission training

Question 33

Explain the two types of negative reinforcement.

Answer 33

avoidance behavior: takes away the aversive stimulus before it begins
escape behavior: takes away the aversive stimulus after it has already started

Question 34

What did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner study?

Answer 34

studied only behaviors, disregarded thought processes because they were not observable

Question 35

Who observed insight (ability to come to an answer suddenly) in chimpanzees?

Answer 35

Wolfgang Kohler

Question 36

What are the four steps of observational learning, according to Albert Bandura?

Answer 36

attention
retention
reproduction
motivation

Question 37

conditioned taste aversion

Answer 37

intense dislike and avoidance of a food because of its association with an unpleasant or painful stimulus through backward conditioning
adaptive responses of organisms to foods that could sicken or kill them
a.k.a. Garcia effect

Question 38

Q.Define in terms of Pavlov's experiment:
unconditioned stimulus (UCS or US)

Answer 38

A.
reflexively, automatically brings about a response

Pavlov’s example:

Food is the UCS because it automatically brings about salivation.

Question 39

How is backwards conditioning timed

Answer 39

unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus

Pavlov’s example:

Food is presented before the bell rings.

Question 40

Define acquisition as it relates to classical conditioning.

Answer 40

passively learning to give a known response to a new stimulus

Question 41

classical conditioning

Answer 41

learning that takes place when two stimuli, one conditioned and one unconditioned, are presented together to induce the same response