motivation and emotion Flashcards
Cannon-Bard Theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimu- lus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.
GAS
general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resis- tance, exhaustion.
James-lange Theory
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli.
Rubric
A rubric is a scoring tool for subjective assessments. It is a set of criteria and standards linked to learning objectives that is used to assess a student’s performance on papers, projects, essays, and other assignments.
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard- driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.
basal metabolic rates
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.
drive-reduction theory
he idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
emotion
a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviours, and (3) conscious experience.
estrogens
sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
facial effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
glucose
he form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioural medicine.
hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, begin- ning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satis- fied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
homeostasis
a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant inter- nal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.
incentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that moti- vates behavior.
instinct
a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a
species and is unlearned.
lymphocytes
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.
motivation
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.
polygraph
a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.
psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.
psychophysiological illness
literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.
refractory period
1) a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired. (2) a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another.
set point
the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
sexual dysfunction
a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.
sexual response cycle
he four stages of sexual responding de- scribed by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.
stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.
testosterone
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the de- velopment of the male sex characteristics during puberty.
trend and befriend response
Tend-and-befriend is a behavior exhibited by some animals, including humans, in response to threat. It refers to protection of offspring and seeking out their social group for mutual defense.
two-factor Theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.
