motivation and emotion

Question 1

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 1

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimu- lus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

Question 2

GAS

Answer 2

general adaptation syndrome (GAS) Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resis- tance, exhaustion.

Question 3

James-lange Theory

Answer 3

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli.

Question 4

Rubric

Answer 4

A rubric is a scoring tool for subjective assessments. It is a set of criteria and standards linked to learning objectives that is used to assess a student’s performance on papers, projects, essays, and other assignments.

Question 5

Type A

Answer 5

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard- driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

Question 6

Type B

Answer 6

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

Question 7

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Answer 7

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases.

Question 8

basal metabolic rates

Answer 8

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Question 9

coronary heart disease

Answer 9

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries.

Question 10

drive-reduction theory

Answer 10

he idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Question 11

emotion

Answer 11

a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviours, and (3) conscious experience.

Question 12

estrogens

Answer 12

sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Question 13

facial effect

Answer 13

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

Question 14

glucose

Answer 14

he form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Question 15

health psychology

Answer 15

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioural medicine.

Question 16

hierarchy of needs

Answer 16

Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, begin- ning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satis- fied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Question 17

homeostasis

Answer 17

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant inter- nal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Question 18

incentive

Answer 18

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that moti- vates behavior.

Question 19

instinct

Answer 19

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a

species and is unlearned.

Question 20

lymphocytes

Answer 20

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system: B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.

Question 21

motivation

Answer 21

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Question 22

polygraph

Answer 22

a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

Question 23

psychoneuroimmunology

Answer 23

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

Question 24

psychophysiological illness

Answer 24

literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

Question 25

refractory period

Answer 25

1) a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired. (2) a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another.

Question 26

set point

Answer 26

the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Question 27

sexual dysfunction

Answer 27

a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

Question 28

sexual response cycle

Answer 28

he four stages of sexual responding de- scribed by Masters and Johnson—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Question 29

stress

Answer 29

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

Question 30

testosterone

Answer 30

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the de- velopment of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Question 31

trend and befriend response

Answer 31

Tend-and-befriend is a behavior exhibited by some animals, including humans, in response to threat. It refers to protection of offspring and seeking out their social group for mutual defense.

Question 32

two-factor Theory

Answer 32

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.