Motivation and Emotion Flashcards
________________ is the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.
Motivation
What are the two basic types of motivation?
Extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
_____________ ______________ is a type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person.
Extrinsic motivation
________________ _______________ is a type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner.
Intrinsic motivation
What are the two early approaches to understanding motivation?
Instincts and the Evolutionary Approach & Drive-Reduction Theory
The _________________ __________________ in understanding motivation focuses on the biologically determined and innate patterns of behaviour which are called instincts.
For example, the human instinct to reproduce is responsible for sexual behaviour, and the human instinct for territorial protection may be related to aggressive behaviour.
evolutionary approach
The _________________ __________________ in understanding motivation established that some human behaviour is controlled by hereditary factors.
It mostly faded away as they could only describe human behaviour but could not explain it.
evolutionary approach
The _____________-_____________ theory is an approach to motivation that assumes behaviour arises from internal drives to push the organism to satisfy physiological needs and reduce tension and arousal.
Drive-reduction theory
What is a ‘need’ defined as in the drive-reduction theory?
A need is a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism.
The psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfil the need and reduce the tension is defined as a ___________ in the drive-reduction theory.
drive
What are the two categories of drives in the drive-reduction theory?
Primary and secondary drives.
What are primary drives in the drive-reduction theory?
Primary drives are drives that involves biological or survival needs of the body such as hunger and thirst.
_____________ drives are drives that are learnt through experience or conditioning, such as money or social approval.
Acquired/secondary
___________________ is the tendency of the body maintaining a constant and steady internal environment.
Homeostasis
In the drive-reduction theory, when there is a primary drive need, the body is in a state of imbalance, this stimulates or drives behaviour to bring the body back into balance. This is linked to the concept of ___________________
homeostasis
David McClelland’s human motivation theory describes how people are driven by three main psychological needs: ________________, _________________ and ______________.
achievement, affiliation and power
What is the need for affiliation (nAff) in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?
The need to be liked by others and to be held in high regard by those around them.
What is the need for power (nPow) in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?
The need to have control over, have an influence over or make an impact on other people. Status and prestige are important in this need.
What is the need for achievement (nAch) in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?
The need or strong desire in self-improving and attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.
A person who is a good team player has a possibility of being high in which need in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?
Need for affiliation.
A person who places importance in buying expensive cars and living in a bungalow has possibility of being high in which need in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?
Need for power.
A person who is very focused in reaching career goals has a possibility of being high in which need in David McClelland’s human motivation theory?
Need for achievement.
In Carol Dweck’s ____________-____________ of motivation, she proposes that the need for achievement is closely linked to personality factors, including a person’s view of how self (beliefs a person holds about their own abilities and relationships with others) can affect their perception of the success or failure of their actions.
self-theory
What is an internal locus of control?
The assumption that an individual has control over what happens in their lives.
What is an external locus of control?
The assumption that their lives are controlled by external factors such as powerful others, luck, or fate.
What are people with an internal locus of control more likely to believe about intelligence?
They tend to think intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experiences and effort in small increases, or increments.
What are people with an external locus of control more likely to believe about intelligence?
They tend to think intelligence is fixed and unchangeable.
A _____________ motive is a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity.
stimulus
Based on the ___________ theory, people are said to have an optimal level of tension that is best or ideal for them which they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.
arousal
What is considered the optimal level of arousal in arousal theory?
Many arousal theorists believe that the optimal level of arousal for most people under normal circumstances is somewhere in the middle.
A person who needs more arousal is called a ____________ ___________. These people seem to need more complex and varied sensory experiences compared to other people.
sensation seeker
The _____________ _____________ describes behaviour in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties. The rewarding properties exist independently of any need or level of arousal and can cause people to act only upon the _____________.
incentive approach, incentive
_____________ are things that attract or lure people into action.
Incentives
The ________________ ______________ is where intrinsic motivation is diminished or extinguished after extrinsic rewards are given.
overjustification effect
In Abraham Maslow’s ________________ _____________ _____________ theory he proposed several levels or hierarchies of needs a person must strive to meet before achieving the highest level of personality fulfilment.
hierarchy of needs
From the bottom to the top, what are the hierarchy of needs based on Abraham Maslow’s theory?
Physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualisation.