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HP1000 > Biopsychology & Neuroscience > Flashcards

Biopsychology & Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What is biopsychology?

A

Biopsychology is a branch of psychology that studies the interaction of biology, behaviour and mental processes.

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2
Q

What is neuroscience?

A

Neuroscience is the branch of studies on the structure and functioning of the brain.

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3
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

The nervous system is a network of neurons which carries information to and from all parts of the body.

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4
Q

What are neurons?

A

Neurons are the basic cell that makes up the nervous system.

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5
Q

What is a dendrite and what is its function?

A

A dendrite is the receiving or input portions of a neuron. They are usually short, narrow and highly branched structures and are attached to the cell body/soma. It receives messages from other cells or neurons.

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6
Q

What is a soma and what is its function?

A

The soma is the cell body of a neuron and houses the nucleus, it integrates signals received from multiple dendrites and passes it down the axon when it is sufficiently aroused.

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7
Q

What is an axon and what is its function?

A

A fibre attached to the soma, its function is to carry messages out to other cells or neurons.

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8
Q

What is an axon terminal and what is its function?

A

Several shorter fibres that have swellings or little knobs on the ends, located at the ends of an axon. It is responsible for communicating with other nerve cells.

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9
Q

What is a myelin sheath and what is its function?

A

Myelin sheath is an insulating layer that forms around nerves. It protects the neuron and also allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly and efficiently along the nerve cells.

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10
Q

What are a bundle of axons called in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system?

A

Tracts in the CNS, nerves in the PNS.

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11
Q

What is an action potential?

A

Action potentials in neurons are also known as “nerve impulses” or “spikes”. A neuron that emits an action potential, or nerve impulse, is often said to “fire”.

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12
Q

When do neurons fire?

A

Neurons have a threshold for firing, when a stimulus strong enough gets past the threshold, it makes the neuron fire.

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13
Q

What are synaptic vesicles and what are their functions?

A

A synaptic vesicle is a sac-like structure which contains neurotransmitters. It releases neurotransmitters through the synaptic cleft/synaptic gap when a neuron is fired.

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14
Q

What is a neurotransmitter and where are they initially stored?

A

Neurotransmitters are chemicals found in the synaptic vesicles that, when released, have an effect on the next cell.

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15
Q

What is the function of a neurotransmitter?

A

When released from the presynaptic vesicle, it will have an effect on the next cell (postsynaptic neuron).

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16
Q

What is a synaptic gap?

A

A fluid-filled small gap between the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.

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17
Q

How does a postsynaptic cell receive the neurotransmitters?

A

Through receptor sites located on the postsynaptic membrane along the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron, the sites are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of effects that can occur when a neuron receives a neurotransmitter?

A

Excitatory (causes neuron to turn on or fire) or inhibitory (causes neuron to turn off or prevent it from firing).

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19
Q

What are some important neurotransmitters? hint: 7

A

Acetylcholine - Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in arousal, attention, memory and controls muscle contractions

Norepinephrine - Mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood

Dopamine - Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in controls of movement and sensations of pleasure, anything pleasurable involves in a release of dopamine

Serotonin - Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in sleep, mood, anxiety & appetite, mood regulation is one of its major function, psychiatrist may recommend medication targeting serotonin for people with depression

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) - Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in sleep and inhibits movement, alcohol mimics the activity of GABA

Glutamate - Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity

Endorphins - Inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain relief

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20
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Chemical substances that block or reduce a cells’ response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters.

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21
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Agonists are chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter (can be excitatory or inhibitory) on the receptor sites of the next cell, which can either increase or decrease activity of the cell.

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22
Q

What is the function of an antagonist drug?

A

An antagonist drug mimics the effect of natural chemicals or neurotransmitters, however it does not enhance cellular activity and instead blocks the receptor site receiving the chemical or neurotransmitter.

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23
Q

What is the function of an agonist drug?

A

An agonist drug mimics the effects of the natural chemicals or neurotransmitters, and fills up the receptor sites, leading to enhanced cellular activity.

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24
Q

What is reuptake and what occurs during the process?

A

Reuptake is the removal of neurotransmitter molecules from the synaptic cleft back into the synaptic vesicles of the presynaptic membrane that released them.

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25
Q

Which neurotransmitter is not taken back into the synaptic vesicles through the reuptake process and why?

A

Acetylcholine as it is responsible for muscle activity and muscle activity occurs rapidly and constantly.

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26
Q

How is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine broken down and cleared from the synaptic gap?

A

A specific enzyme is designed to break apart Acetylcholine and clear the synaptic gap very quickly through a process called enzymatic degradation.

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27
Q

What is the effect of cocaine in the reuptake process of dopamine? What are the effects of cocaine to the dopamine receptors?

A

Cocaine inhibits the reuptake of dopamine by the presynaptic’s neuron axon terminals.

This increases the availability of dopamine in the synapse and its effect on other neurons.

The increased availability of dopamine coupled with the recurrent stimulation of the dopamine receptors, results in a downregulation, or pruning of the receptors.

A downregulation is the process of reducing or suppressing a response to a stimulus.

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28
Q

The entire nervous system is comprised of which 2 main nervous systems?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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29
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

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30
Q

What are the basic functions of the brain in the central nervous system?

A

It interprets and stores information, and also makes decisions or sends commands out to the muscle or other parts of the body (organs, glands).

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31
Q

What is the spinal cord and what are its functions in the central nervous system?

A

The spinal cord is a long bundle of neurons connects the brain and the PNS, carrying messages between the brain and the body.

It is also houses neurons responsible for the spinal cord reflex.

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32
Q

What are the 3 kinds of neurons are located in the spinal cord?

A

Sensory or afferent neurons (Carry messages from the sense receptors to the CNS)

Motor or efferent neurons (Carry messages from the CNS towards muscles and glands)

Interneurons (Carry messages between sensory and motor neurons)

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33
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system and what is its main function?

A

The peripheral nervous system is made up of all the nerves and neurons not contained in the brain and spinal cord, it transmits information to and from the CNS.

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34
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system comprised of?

A

The somatic nervous system & the autonomic nervous system.

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35
Q

What is the somatic nervous system and what is its main function?

A

The somatic nervous system consists of nerves that control the voluntary muscles of the system.

It is also made up of the sensory pathway and the motor pathway.

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36
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system and what is its main function?

A

The autonomic nervous system has system functions that are mostly automatic, it consists of nerves that control the involuntary muscles, organs and glands.

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37
Q

What are the 2 divisions which the autonomic nervous systems are divided to?

A

The sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division.

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38
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic division in the autonomic nervous system?

A

It is considered the “fight-or-flight” system and prepares body to react to stressful events and bodily arousal, it can perform functions such as: dilate pupils, dilates bronchi, decreases salivation, increases heart rate, decreases digestive functions, inhibits bladder contraction.

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39
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic division in the autonomic nervous system?

A

It is usually called the “eat-drink-and-rest” or “rest-and-digest” system.

It maintains body functions under normal conditions (not stressed, resting and relaxing) and saves energy after bodily arousal, or lack thereof.

It can perform functions such as: increases salivation, constricts bronchi, constricts pupils and stimulates tear glands, slows heart rate, allows bladder contraction, increases digestive functions.

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40
Q

What is the endocrine system and what is its function?

A

The endocrine system is a group of glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into the bloodstream, using the circulatory system to travel to the target organs and affecting behaviour and emotions by stimulating muscles, organs or other glands of the body.

Its function is to support and sustain the rest-and-digest & fight-or-flight responses that are initiated by the PNS.

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41
Q

What are the 6 endocrine glands part of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Gonads (sex glands, ovaries and testes)
Adrenal glands

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42
Q

What is the pituitary gland from the endocrine system connected to and what is its function?

A

It is connected to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus controls the glandular system by influencing the pituitary gland, it is known as the “master gland” and it controls and influences all of the other endocrine glands.

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43
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland from the endocrine system?

A

It plays important role in several biological rhythms such as regulating circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle).

Secretes the hormone melatonin, which helps to track day length (and seasons).

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44
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland from the endocrine system?

A

It secretes hormones such as thyroxin that regulate growth and metabolism.

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45
Q

Where is the pancreas from the endocrine system located and what is its function?

A

The pancreas is located behind the stomach in the upper left abdomen. It controls level of blood sugar by secreting insulin and glucagon.

Too little insulin results in diabetes (hyperglycaemia), too much insulin results in hypoglycaemia.

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46
Q

What are gonads in the endocrine system and what is its function?

A

The sex glands, includes the ovaries and testes. It secretes hormones that regulate sexual behaviour and reproduction.

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47
Q

Where are the adrenal glands in the endocrine system located and what are their functions?

A

Located on top of each kidney, releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, when people are under stress and aids in arousing the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

It also produces a type of hormones called corticoids (or steroids) that regulate salt intake and help initiate and control stress reactions.

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48
Q

What are the 3 primary divisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain.

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49
Q

What are the 4 parts of the hindbrain?

A

Medulla
Pons
Reticular formation
Cerebellum

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50
Q

What is a medulla, where is it located in the hindbrain and what is its function?

A

The medulla is a large swelling located at the top of the spinal cord. It is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, swallowing.

It also contains sensory nerves where it crosses over from the left and right sides, hence sensory information from the left side of the body goes over to the right side of the brain and vice versa.

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51
Q

What are pons, where are they located in the hindbrain and what are their functions?

A

Pons are larger swellings above the medulla, it bridges the cerebellum and upper section of the brain.

It consists of crossover motor nerves carrying messages from the brain to the body, coordinating movements of the left and right sides of the body.

It also influences sleep, dreaming and arousal.

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52
Q

What is a reticular formation, where is it located in the hindbrain and what is its function?

A

A reticular formation is a network of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and pons, the neurons are responsible for people’s general attention, alertness, awareness and arousal.

It also allows people to ignore constant, unchanging information and to be alert to changes in information.

A part called the reticular activating system, stimulates the upper part of the brain, keeping people awake and alert

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53
Q

What is a cerebellum, where is it located in the hindbrain and what is its function?

A

The cerebellum is located the base of the skull, behind the pons and below the main part of the brain.

It is a part of the lower brain that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movements and several cognitive functions such as balance.

It also coordinates walking, and movements of speech.

Learned reflexes, skills and habits are also stored in the cerebellum, allowing them to be more or less automatic.

54
Q

What is the limbic system and what does it consist of?

A

The limbic system is a group of several brain structures located primarily under the cortex.

It consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and the cingulate cortex.

55
Q

Where is the thalamus located in the limbic system and what is its function?

A

The thalamus is located in the centre of the brain.

It processes and relays sensory information (from the senses, EXCEPT for smell) from the lower parts of the brain to the cortex.

56
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located in the limbic system and what is its function?

A

The hypothalamus is located below and in-front of the thalamus.

It regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sleeping and waking, sexual activity, and emotions.

It also sits right above the pituitary gland, and controls the pituitary glands (i.e. regulating hormones), connecting the nervous system and the endocrine system.

57
Q

Where is the hippocampus located in the limbic system and what is its function?

A

The hippocampus (seahorse-shaped) is located within the medial temporal lobe on each side of the brain.

It is instrumental in forming long-term declarative memories,
ACh (acetylcholine) is involved in the memory function of the hippocampus.

58
Q

Where is the amygdala located in the limbic system and what is its function?

A

The amygdala (almond-shaped) is located near the hippocampus, medially in the temporal lobe. It is involved in fear responses and memory of fear.

It also influences our motivation, emotional control and interpretations of nonverbal emotional expressions.

Information from the senses goes to the amygdala before the upper part of brain is involved, so that people can respond to danger quickly, sometimes before they are consciously aware.

59
Q

Where is the cingulate cortex located in the limbic system and what is its function?

A

Found above the corpus callosum in the frontal and parietal lobes.

It is divided into 4 regions that play different important roles in emotional, cognitive and autonomic information processing.

60
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outermost part of the brain, it is made up of tightly packed neurons and its surface anatomy is full of wrinkles.

61
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex wrinkled?

A

It allows a much larger area of cortical cells to exist in the small space inside the skull.

62
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

The cerebrum is the upper part of the brain, where it is divided into two sections called the cerebral hemispheres.

63
Q

What are cerebral hemispheres?

A

The left and right hemispheres of the brain.

64
Q

What are the 4 lobes located on each hemisphere?

A

Occipital lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes and frontal lobes.

65
Q

Where are the occipital lobes located and what are their functions?

A

It is located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere.

It processes visual information from the eyes in the primary visual cortex, receiving nerve impulses from the visual thalamus.

The visual association cortex in this lobe and parts of the temporal and parietal lobe helps to identify and make sense of visual information received from the primary visual cortex.

66
Q

Where are the parietal lobes located and what are their functions?

A

Located at the top and back, under the parietal bone.

Contains the primary somatosensory cortex at the front of the lobe responsible for processing information from the skin and internal body receptors for touch, temperature and body position.

Cells at the top of the brain receive information from the bottom of the body, this neurological map is called the cortical sensory homunculus.

67
Q

Where are the temporal lobes located and what are their functions?

A

Located behind the temples of the head.

The primary auditory cortex detects discrete qualities of sound, such as pitch and volume.

The auditory association cortex analyses the data about sound so that we are able to recognize words or melodies.

The left temporal lobe (in most people) also contains Wernicke’s area.

68
Q

What is Wernicke’s area and where is it located?

A

Wernicke’s area is located in the left temporal lobe (for most people).

It is involved in understanding the meaning or comprehension of words and language.

69
Q

What happens when the Wernicke’s area is damaged?

A

Damage to the area results in Wernicke’s aphasia, which causes the person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language.

70
Q

Where are the frontal lobes located and what are their functions?

A

Located at the front of the brain, it is responsible for higher mental functions, such as planning, personality, memory storage, complex decision making, and (in the left hemisphere usually) areas devoted to language.

Also helps in controlling emotions with its connection to the limbic system.

Contains the prefrontal cortex, motor cortex and Broca’s area.

71
Q

What is the motor cortex, where is it located and what is its function?

A

A band of neurons located at the back of each frontal lobe, seated beside the primary somatosensory cortex.

It controls the movements of the body’s voluntary muscles by sending commands to the somatic nervous system (from the PNS).

72
Q

Where is the Broca’s area located and what is its function?

A

Usually located in the left frontal lobe (for right-handed people), it is associated with the production and fluency of speech.

73
Q

What happens when the Broca’s area is damaged?

A

Damage to the area results in Broca’s aphasia, which causes the person to be unable to use written or spoken language fluently.

74
Q

What is the corpus callosum and what is its function?

A

A thick band of neural fibres or axons containing contralateral pathways between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

Its function is to allow the left and right hemispheres of the brain to communicate between each other.

75
Q

In general, how do the left and right hemispheres of the brain process information?

A

The left hemisphere processes information in a sequence and is good at breaking things down into smaller parts, or performing analysis.

The right hemisphere processes information all at once and usually simultaneously, a more global or holistic style of processing.

76
Q

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

A

Hemispheric lateralisation is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be specialised to one side of the brain or the other.

In the brain, there are some tasks that are supported by 1 hemisphere, in terms of taking the lead and exerting control. However, in most cases both hemispheres are always involved.

77
Q

How are synaptic connections influenced and strengthened?

A

Synaptic connections are influenced by experiences, repetition of actions and stimuli helps to strengthen connections and make them more permanent.

78
Q

What is synaptic pruning?

A

Where unused synaptic connections and nerve cells are cleared away to make way for functioning connections and cells.

79
Q

What is long-term potentiation in terms of synapses?

A

Long-term potentiation is based on the Hebbian principle: “Neurons that fire together, wire together.”

With repeated activation of the group of neurons and repeated synaptic activity, the connections between the neurons are strengthened, partly by the creation of more receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.

80
Q

What are the benefits of long-term potentiation in synapses?

A

A potentiated postsynaptic neuron with more receptor sites, makes the neuron more sensitive to signals.

This increases signal transmission and efficiency and makes the pathway more likely to be activated in the future, making it easier to either recall memories or to perform a task.

81
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to constantly change the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma.

Dendrites grow and new synapses are formed in some areas as people learn new things throughout life.

82
Q

What is neurogenesis?

A

Neurogenesis is the formation of new neurons, this occurs primarily during prenatal development but may also occur at lesser levels in some brain areas, primarily the hippocampus, during adulthood.

83
Q

What are some methods of studying the brain?

A

Lesioning case studies and brain stimulation.

84
Q

What are the 3 brain stimulation methods?

A

Deep brain stimulation (DBS): Invasive procedure where holes are drilled into skull and electrodes are implanted into brain tissue, stimulation is done through electrodes.

Transcranial electrical current stimulation (tECS): Non-invasive procedure that involves application of weak electrical current to the scalp using electrodes, the currents can make it easier or more difficult for neurons to fire.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): Non-invasive procedure which uses a magnetic coil to apply magnetic pulses to induce electric current in the brain, this stimulates neurons in a targeted area of the cortex.

85
Q

What are neuroimaging techniques?

A

Directly images the brain’s structure or its function. These methods vary in their degree of spatial resolution (ability to see fine detail) and temporal resolution (ability to time lock a recorded event).

86
Q

What are the 7 common types of neuroimaging techniques?

A

Computed tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)

87
Q

Which part of the neuron carries messages to other cells?
a. soma
b. dendrite
c. axon
d. myelin

A

c. axon

88
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a function of glial cells?
a. generating myelin
b. getting nutrients to the neurons
c. cleaning up the remains of dead neurons
d. generating action potentials

A

d. generating action potentials

89
Q

Neurotransmitters must pass from an axon terminal to the next
dendrite by crossing a fluid-filled space called the:
a. neuron.
b. synapse.
c. reuptake inhibitor.
d. glial cell.

A

b. synapse.

90
Q

The venom of a black widow spider acts as a(n) ______ by
mimicking the effects of acetylcholine.
a. protagonist
b. agonist
c. antagonist
d. glial cell

A

b. agonist

91
Q

Which of the following is associated with pain relief?
a. glutamate
b. acetylcholine
c. endorphins
d. serotonin

A

c. endorphins

92
Q

Which of the following techniques involves passing a mild current through the brain to activate certain structures without damaging them?

a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
b. electroconvulsive tomography (ECT)
c. electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)
d. deep brain lesioning

A

c. electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB)

93
Q

Which of the following techniques analyzes blood oxygen levels to
look at the functioning of the brain?
a. EEG
b. fMRI
c. CT
d. PET

A

b. fMRI

94
Q

Amy wants to measure how levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter
in the brain, affects mood. Which of the following imaging techniques should she use?
a. positron emission tomography (PET)
b. MRI spectroscopy
c. diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
d. magnetoencephalography (MEG)

A

b. MRI spectroscopy

95
Q

Felix participated in a research in which he wore sponge-like electrodes while he was made to perform a few cognitive tasks. The researcher was trying to study the electrical functioning of his brain.

Which of the following techniques was being used by the researcher?

a. DTI
b. CT
c. FMRI
d. EEG

A

d. EEG

96
Q

Which brain structure relays incoming sensory information?

a. hypothalamus
b. thalamus
c. reticular formation
d. pons

A

b. thalamus

97
Q

If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals, or events, which part of the brain would most likely be damaged?

a. thalamus
b. cingulate cortex
c. hypothalamus
d. amygdala

A

d. amygdala

98
Q

What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the “rind” or outer covering?

a. medulla
b. thalamus
c. cortex
d. corpus callosum

A

c. cortex

99
Q

In which of the following lobes of the cortex would you find the primary visual cortex?

a. frontal
b. occipital
c. temporal
d. parietal

A

b. occipital

100
Q

Alex injured the left side of his head in an accident. When he woke up, he couldn’t understand why his mom was not helping him reach the TV remote. His mom informed him later that he pointed at the TV remote and said, “Mom, please pass me the airplane.” Alex’s predicament is most like which of the following disorders?

a. Wernicke’s aphasia
b. Broca’s aphasia
c. apraxia
d. spatial neglect

A

a. Wernicke’s aphasia

101
Q

If your fingers land on a thorn while plucking roses from a garden, you will quickly withdraw your hands without even being conscious of it. This message will not even travel to your brain and will be controlled by your spinal cord. This highlights the presence of:

a. the sympathetic nervous system.
b. neurogenesis.
c. the reflex arc.
d. the parasympathetic system

A

c. the reflex arc.

102
Q

What is the process whereby the structure and function of brain cells change in response to trauma, damage, or even learning?

a. deep lesioning
b. shallow lesioning
c. neuroplasticity
d. cell regeneration

A

c. neuroplasticity

103
Q

The neurons of the sensory pathway contain:

a. efferent neurons.
b. afferent neurons.
c. both efferent and afferent neurons.
d. voluntary muscle fibers.

A

b. afferent neurons.

104
Q

Irene’s ability to listen to various sounds around her is due to which part of her nervous system?

a. the parasympathetic pathway of her autonomous nervous system
b. the motor pathway of her somatic nervous system
c. the sympathetic pathway of her autonomous nervous system
d. the sensory pathway of her somatic nervous system

A

d. the sensory pathway of her somatic nervous system

105
Q

Which of the following would be active if you have just had an automobile accident?

a. somatic division
b. parasympathetic division
c. sympathetic division
d. motor division

A

c. sympathetic division

106
Q

Emma has trouble sleeping at night and keeping awake in the day. This causes her to feel fatigued all the time and has affected her work performance. Emma might have a problem in the _______
gland of her endocrine system.

a. pineal
b. pituitary
c. thyroid
d. pancreas

A

a. pineal

107
Q

Ethan was born a premature, tiny baby. He grew at a tremendous rate from infancy to adulthood. Now, he is above average in size compared to other 20-year olds. Ethan’s growth is largely due to the
activity of which hormone?

a. growth hormone of the pituitary gland
b. insulin hormone of the pancreas
c. melatonin of the pineal gland
d. vasopressin of the pituitary gland

A

a. growth hormone of the pituitary gland

108
Q

Although oxytocin has been tied to a variety of prosocial behaviors such as “love” and “trust,” some researchers believe that in humans, it may actually work to increase _______.

a. negative pair bonding
b. heart rate and empathy
c. the importance of some social stimuli
d. social loafing

A

c. the importance of some social stimuli

109
Q

Which gland(s) have the greatest influence over other components of the endocrine system?

a. pineal
b. gonads
c. pituitary
d. pancreas

A

c. pituitary

110
Q

What is oxytocin and which gland produces it?

A

A hormone released by the posterior
pituitary gland that is involved in reproductive and parental behaviors.

111
Q

In the structure of the neuron, the _______ receives messages from other cells.

a. axon
b. dendrite
c. soma
d. myelin

A

b. dendrite

112
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells generate a fatty substance known as:

a. soma.
b. glial.
c. myelin.
d. neurilemma.

A

c. myelin.

113
Q

Which of the following insulates and protects a neuron’s axon, as well as helps speed along electrical impulses?

a. synaptic knobs
b. myelin sheath
c. receptor sites
d. neuromodulators

A

b. myelin sheath

114
Q

When a neuron is in the resting potential state, the neuron is negatively charged on the _______ and positively charged on the _______.

a. top, bottom
b. outside, inside
c. inside, outside
d. bottom, top

A

c. inside, outside

115
Q

Which neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle cells to contract but slows contractions of the heart?

a. GABA
b. acetylcholine (ACh)
c. serotonin
d. endorphin

A

b. acetylcholine (ACh)

116
Q

Heroin mimics the actions of endorphins, inhibiting pain signals.
Heroin is an example of a(n):

a. glial cell.
b. protagonist.
c. antagonist.
d. agonist.

A

d. agonist.

117
Q

Linda participates in a research study in which she is injected with glucose and asked to solve mathematical problems. During debriefing, the researcher told her that he wanted to study the functioning of her brain when she was solving the problems. Which of the following techniques is the researcher using?

a. PET
b. DTI
c. EEG
d. fMRI

A

a. PET

118
Q

Which technique of studying the brain involves injecting the patient with radioactive glucose?

a. EEG
b. PET
c. MRI
d. CT

A

b. PET

119
Q

Ronnie is driving his truck and suddenly a deer pulls out in front of his vehicle. Ronnie becomes alert and applies his brakes. Ronnie’s alertness and attention is due to which part of the brain?

a. reticular formation
b. pons
c. cerebellum
d. medulla

A

a. reticular formation

120
Q

Liam and Lacey are guitarists in their school band. Not only do they play the guitar effortlessly, but they are also known for their synchronization with each other. Which part of the brain do they rely upon to achieve this?

a. pons
b. reticular formation
c. medulla
d. cerebellum

A

d. cerebellum

121
Q

Your psychology professor refers to this as the great relay station of the brain. What part is he or she referring to?

a. amygdala
b. hypothalamus
c. hippocampus
d. thalamus

A

d. thalamus

122
Q

Which part of the brain is involved in the creation of long-term, declarative memories and is often linked to Alzheimer’s disease?

a. amygdala
b. thalamus
c. hypothalamus
d. hippocampus

A

d. hippocampus

123
Q

Raymond forgot to wear his helmet while playing cricket with his friends. He ducked his head at a bouncer, but the ball still hit the side of his head. He is now unable to hear and understand speech properly. Which part of his brain is most likely damaged?

a. occipital lobe
b. temporal lobe
c. frontal lobe
d. parietal lobe

A

b. temporal lobe

124
Q

Octavia understands speech but is unable to speak in a smooth and connected manner. This happened soon after one of her blood vessels in her brain got ruptured. Looking at the symptoms, where is the ruptured blood vessel most likely located?

a. right frontal lobe
b. left medial temporal lobe
c. left frontal lobe
d. right medial temporal lobe

A

c. left frontal lobe

125
Q

Lewis was involved in a road accident and sustained many head injuries. After he came out of his coma, his speech was fluent and coherent but it did not make sense.

One afternoon, he requested his brother if he could pass him the toilet as he was hungry. What is Lewis most likely suffering from?

a. spatial neglect
b. apraxia
c. Wernicke’s aphasia
d. Broca’s aphasia

A

c. Wernicke’s aphasia

126
Q

Although the brain works largely as a whole, which of the following is not a correct pairing of hemisphere and function?

a. left: control of right-handed motor functions
b. right: control of right-handed motor functions
c. right: recognition of faces
d. left: reading

A

b. right: control of right-handed motor functions

127
Q

What is the motor pathway of the somatic nervous system and what is its function?

A

The motor pathway consists of nerves (containing efferent neurons) carrying messages from the CNS to the voluntary, or skeletal, muscles of the body.

128
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex, where is it located and what is its function?

A

Located at the most forward part of the frontal lobe, it is linked to cognitive control and executive functions, which is our ability to consider future outcomes and control of our current behaviour to accomplish goals.

129
Q

What are the changes in communication between the left and right hemisphere of the brain due to the contralateral pathways in the corpus callosum?

A

Each brain hemisphere communicates with opposite sides of the body, the left brain hemisphere communicates with the right side of the body and vice versa, and also receives input from the right visual field and vice versa.

130
Q

What hormone does the pituitary gland of the endocrine system secrete?

A

Secretes the hormone oxytocin, which is involved in both reproductive and parental behaviour.

HP1000 (12 decks)

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