Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Drive Theory

Answer 1

Any change in homeostasis (a state of physiological equilibrium) produces a state of
tension that motivates the person to reduces that tension

Question 2

Incentive Theory

Answer 2

External rewards motivate people.
Don’t necessarily reduce a drive (Money)
We are pushed by our need to reduce drives, and pulled toward certain incentives
a. Intrinsic: from within
b. Extrinsic: external (wealth, fame, praise)
Extrinsic motivation kills intrinsic: give people money for a task that they
enjoy and enjoyment decreases.

Question 3

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 3

from within

Question 4

Extrinsic Motivation

Answer 4

external (wealth, fame, praise)

Question 5

Sexual Motivation

Answer 5

Why do men have nipples? We’re all female at first
Fertilization-
Chromosomes- threadlike structures made of DNA that contain the genes
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- complex molecule containing the genetic information
that makes up the chromosomes
Genes- a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein
Genome- the complete instructions for making an organism
Male and female reproductive cells (sex chromosomes)
a. Male- spermatozoa
b. Female- ova
Each contains ½ (23 chromosomes) of the new person’s genes
XX- Female
XY- Male
5 weeks: Androgens (if XY) flood system and “convert” female to male
By 8th week, external sex organs developed
No XY? Estrogen and other female sex hormones continue female development
Consequences?
More males than females born.
By second “birthday”, more females than males.
Males:
–More miscarried
–More stillborn
–More diseases at birth
–More autism, mental retardation, learning and behavior problems
Why do men have a greater motive toward dominance than women or WHY ARE
MEN SO AGGRESSIVE?
Women prefer dominant men because they often have greater resources
Dominant men can “take” the women of nondominant men or they can “intimidate”
others into not competing at all. After 1000’s of generations of natural selection,
men are more dominant and more physically aggressive.

Question 6

Homosexuality

Answer 6

Genes or environment?
Twin studies:
–Bailey & Pillard (1991)
–If one ID twin is gay, 52% of their brothers were too
–22% of fraternal twins
–11% of adopted twins
–Lesbians: 48%, 16%, 6%
Hamer (1993)
Gay men tend to have more gay brothers, and more male homosexuals on their
mother’s side
Dorner (1976)
Inject rats with hormones at certain fetal stages. Created “gay”, “straight”, and
“bisexual” rats contingent in when he injected them
Also, many “gay” animals in the natural world
Early hormone levels

Homosexual men tend to have had lower androgen levels during sexual brain
differentiation
But, no differences in adult hormone levels
Birth order
More gays among the “later born.”
Explanation not known, but probably related to hormone and neurochemical levels
Finger length
Most males have shorter index than ring fingers
Many lesbians have shorter index than ring fingers
Many gay men have more typical “female” fingers
Why? Testosterone
Gender-role Nonconformity
Blanchard (1995)

75-90% of highly feminine young boys turn out to be gay.
Ditto, masculine young girls
Most gay people say that they “felt” homosexual before they knew what sex was
about
But, DEFINITELY NOT ALL
Many gay men are not feminine
Many gay women are not masculine and have “never been.

Question 7

What’s the debate of sexual motivation really about?

Answer 7

What’s the debate really about?
Free will V determinism
Behavior v orientation
Sexual behavior can be anything you wish (though probably still “determined” by
environment and learning experiences)
Sexual orientation is determined before birth by presence or absence of prenatal
hormones

Question 8

James-Lange Theory

Answer 8

We feel emotion after we experience our physiological R’s
“I see a bear; I run; I feel fear”
Evidence- Paraplegics
Facial feedback theory

Question 9

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 9

We feel emotion at the same time that our body responds
“I see a bear; I run and feel fear at the same time.”
Cognition important to understanding emotion

Question 10

Schattner- Singer Theory

Answer 10

“Two factor Theory of Emotion”
Factor 1: General Arousal
Factor 2: Cognitive Appraisal
Evidence- Experiment with adrenaline

Question 11

Why Emotion?

Answer 11

Everyone everywhere recognizes “primary” ones, like
a. Anger
b. Fear
c. Disgust
d. Happiness
e. Surprise
f . Sadness
ALL emotions have the same function:
a. They direct us immediately and powerfully toward behaviors that increase
the likelihood of our survival or the survival of our offspring
b. Communication without words
Disgust- a reaction to the perception of a real or imagined threat to our
Psychological selves
Genes or environment?

Both.
a. Primary emotion, so it must have solved a problem for our distant
ancestors
But, Kids will eat ANYTHING. By 4 or so, they pick up the “rules” about what
is disgusting in their culture.