Hypothesis Testing Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Method

A

Isn’t just a method. It’s a philosophy about how we might answer questions about the world. The goal is to make accurate predictions about whatever problem we’re examining.

-The purpose of the method is to prove something false not to prove it true

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2
Q

Theory

A

An interrelated set of concepts that explain a series of observations used to generate a hypothesis

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3
Q

Myth

A

Purpose of the scientific method is to prove hypothesis false

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4
Q

False

A

The purpose of the scientific method is to prove something false not to prove something true.
-It’s about finding the black swan

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5
Q
  1. Hypothesis
A

A statement of what we expect to find.

EX. all swans are white.
-but one black swan disproves this hypothesis
-Our theory of the “coloration of birds feathers” is disproved so we have to start again
-Science is a graveyard of “huge ideas”
-Includes a lot of self-correction
-A hypothesis is a RISKY PREDICTION

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6
Q

Gravity

A

A risky prediction (hypothesis)
-In a vacuum, a feather will fall just as fast as a 100-lb weight.
-It will bend light.

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7
Q

Evolution

A

Our bodies are composed of “parts” inherited from our non-human ancestors.
-If there is a place cut off from the rest of the world, there will be creatures there
unlike anything else in the world.
-The Darwin moth and orchids

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8
Q
  1. Operationalize terms
A

An explicit set of procedures about how to recognize and measure the concept we’re interested in.
-confounds

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9
Q

Independent Variable

A

The treatment or area of interest

EX. Prevan Gen increases memory
(ginkobeloba Independent) (math score to test memory dependent)

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10
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The result of the treatment

EX. Prevan Gen increases memory
(ginkobeloba Independent) (math score to test memory dependent)

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11
Q
  1. Random Selection
A

Population- that group that we’re interested in generalizing about
Sample- a subset of the population
Random- Everybody in the population has an equal chance of being

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12
Q

Population

A

that group that we’re interested in generalizing about

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13
Q

Sample

A

A subset of the population

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14
Q

Random

A

Everybody on the population has an equal chance of being selected for our study
-Something random happens by chance

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15
Q
  1. Random assignment into Experimental or Control groups
A

Experimental- Receives the treatment
Control- Is treated EXACTLY like the experimental group, but receives a
“placebo”
5. Do the experiment!
“Manipulate” the IV
Best way? Double Blind Studies:
Neither the experimenters or the participants know who is in the
experimental group or who is in the control group

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16
Q

Experimental

A

Receives the experiment

17
Q

Control

A

Is treated EXACTLY like the experiment group, but receives, “placebo”

18
Q

Placebo

A

If you think you know the effect of the treatment you are more likely to feel those effects even without the treatment.

19
Q

Nocebo

A

When people anticipate a pills possible side effects, they can suffer the negative effects.

20
Q

Double Blind Studies

A

Neither the experimenters nor the participants know who is in the
experimental group or who is in the control group

21
Q
  1. Correlations
A

Correlation: A relationship between two variables
Only three types: Positive, Negative, Zero
But, “Correlation does not mean cause and effect!”
Why?
Random variability- “I had a friend who…” is not a scientific
explanation, because there is too much variability in people no matter what you’re
measuring
Spurious correlations: Relationship b/w two variables is actually caused
by a third variable

22
Q

Correlation

A

relationship between two variables
Only three types: Positive, Negative, Zero
But “Correlation does not mean cause and effect!” because random variability and spurious correlations.

23
Q

Random variability

A

“I had a friend who…” is not scientific explanation, because there is too much variability in people no matter what you’re measuring

24
Q

Spurious correlations

A

Relationships between 2 variables in actually cause by a third variable

EX. positive correlations between drowning and ice cream eaten. The third variable would be the heat.

25
Q

Expectancy effects

A

Demand Characteristics: People think that they know what the experiment
is about, and this affects their behavior.
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: Experimenter manipulates steps in the method,
whether she knows it or not.

26
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

People think that they know what the experiment is about, and this affects their behavior.

27
Q

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

A

Experimenter manipulates steps in the method, whether she knows it or not.