Motivation & addiction

Question 1

Motivation and emotion

Answer 1

What force moves us into action/decisions

Emotion: what arouses/affects us

Question 2

Examples of motivators to use certain media

Answer 2

To become popular
Self promotion
Showing off
Social reasons
Escaping reality
Avoiding loneliness
Relaxation 
Remembering events
Creation

Question 3

5 assumptions/further definitions of motivation

Answer 3

Its a condition that energizes behavior and gives it direction

It can be either conscious or unconscious desire

Often controllable by a conscious choice

Influenced by internal and external factors

Motivation is used to reduce the sensation of need

Question 4

Instinct theory

Answer 4

Most behavior is completely determined by innate biological factors

Instincts are goal directed, innate patterns of behavior that is not an outcome of learning or experience

Example of instinct: curiosity, maternal instinct

Question 5

Drive theory

Answer 5

People are driven by biological drives or needs, the goal is drive reduction (such as eating to reduce hunger)

Question 6

Homeostasis (drive theory)

Answer 6

Organism seek a balanced condition of the body (eg not hungry)

Question 7

Maslows hierarchy of needs: basic needs

Answer 7

Physiological needs (food, warmth, water, rest)

Safety needs

Question 8

Maslows hierarchy of needs: psychological needs

Answer 8

Belongingness and love needs (intimate relationships, friends)

Esteem needs (prestige and feeling of accomplishment)

Question 9

Maslows hierarchy of needs: self-fulfillment needs

Answer 9

Self-actualization: achieving ones full potential, including creative activities

Question 10

Evolutionary perspective of hierarchy

Answer 10

The most basic motives being related survival, followed by motives of reproduction and survival of offspring

Question 11

Individual pattern of hierarchy

Answer 11

An individual’s motivational hierarchy is not rigid but can be influenced by proximal stimuli and by the persons developmental level

Question 12

Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation

Answer 12

Intrinsic: the activity is in itself rewarding, the desire to engage in an activity for its own sake rather than external consequence (passion, creativity, is long lasting)

Extrinsic: the desire to engage in an activity to achieve of avoid an external consequence (reward or punishment). This disappears when the external trigger (reward or punishment) is removed

Question 13

Incentives

Answer 13

The target of motivated behavior and typically rewarding

Question 14

Primary vs secondary incentives

Answer 14

Primary: natural rewards, activate the brain’s dopamine system (reward) without need for learning
Eg. Sweet taste

Secondary: established through learning/conditioning

Question 15

Intrinsic becomes extrinsic motivation and vice versa through…

Answer 15

Over-justification: reward is given without regard for quality of performance (int > ext)

Internalization of extrinsic motivation: extrinsic motivation is taken in and integrated in value system:
Eg. Kid starts liking to draw

Question 16

Self determination theory

Answer 16

Theory of human motivation with 3 intrinsic human needs:

1 need for autonomy (agency & control)
2 need for competence (challenge and mastery)
3 need for relatedness (meaningful relationships)

Psychological well being is dependent on the satisfaction of these 3 needs

Question 17

Uses and gratifications theory

Answer 17

People determine what media they use in order to satisfy a need. It is goal oriented to satisfy a specific needs.

Types of needs:
Cognitive
Affective
Social-integrative
Personal integrative 
Tension release

Question 18

Uses and gratifications theory motivations for mobile phones

Answer 18

Affection/sociability 
Entertainment 
Instrumentality
Psychological reassurance 
Fashion/status
Mobility
Immediate access

Question 19

Uses and gratifications theory motivations for social media sites

Answer 19

Socializing
Entertainment
Self-seeking (determining personal status and identity)
Information

Question 20

Bergen social media addiction scale

Answer 20

• you spend a lot of time thinking about social media or planning on how to use it
• you feel an urge to use SM more and more
• you use SM to forget about personal problems
• you tried to cut down SM use without success
• you become restless or troubled when not using SM
• you use SM so much it has negative impact on your job/studies

Question 21

Addiction (APA) defintion

Answer 21

A complex condition (a brain disease) that has manifested by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences

Question 22

Behavioral addiction

Answer 22

The DSM (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) includes substance addiction (smoking, drugs, alcohol) and gambling - the only behavioral addiction

> notions to include internet and smartphone use as well

Gaming addiction is researched and in progress to be added

Question 23

Features of substance addictions

Answer 23

Preoccupation (distraction)
Mood modification (pleasure, numbing, prevent boredom)
Tolerance (increase use for same effect)
Withdrawal (psycho and physiological)
Relapse
Life dysfunction

Question 24

Features of addiction that apply to media use (3)

Answer 24

Preoccupation (distraction) 
Mood modification (pleasure, numbing, preventing boredom)
Life dysfunction

Question 25

Effects of problematic smartphone use (10)

Answer 25

1 lower social skills and increased conflict with others
2 anxiety and loneliness
3 lower psychological well-being
4 low self esteem
5 depression and anxiety
6 impulsivity
7 impaired attention
8 compromised inhibitory control (control impulsive responses)
9 sleep deprivation 
10 lowered academic performance

Question 26

FOMO

Answer 26

Fear of missing out

A pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one (you) are absent

Question 27

Ways of resetting your relationship with new media

Answer 27

Detox periods (awareness interventions, restriction interventions, mindfulness interventions)

Soft but ongoing restrictions (time limits on your smartphone)

Distancing: dedicated alarm clock, notebook, agenda, wrist watch