Motivation & addiction Flashcards
Motivation and emotion
What force moves us into action/decisions
Emotion: what arouses/affects us
Examples of motivators to use certain media
To become popular Self promotion Showing off Social reasons Escaping reality Avoiding loneliness Relaxation Remembering events Creation
5 assumptions/further definitions of motivation
Its a condition that energizes behavior and gives it direction
It can be either conscious or unconscious desire
Often controllable by a conscious choice
Influenced by internal and external factors
Motivation is used to reduce the sensation of need
Instinct theory
Most behavior is completely determined by innate biological factors
Instincts are goal directed, innate patterns of behavior that is not an outcome of learning or experience
Example of instinct: curiosity, maternal instinct
Drive theory
People are driven by biological drives or needs, the goal is drive reduction (such as eating to reduce hunger)
Homeostasis (drive theory)
Organism seek a balanced condition of the body (eg not hungry)
Maslows hierarchy of needs: basic needs
Physiological needs (food, warmth, water, rest)
Safety needs
Maslows hierarchy of needs: psychological needs
Belongingness and love needs (intimate relationships, friends)
Esteem needs (prestige and feeling of accomplishment)
Maslows hierarchy of needs: self-fulfillment needs
Self-actualization: achieving ones full potential, including creative activities
Evolutionary perspective of hierarchy
The most basic motives being related survival, followed by motives of reproduction and survival of offspring
Individual pattern of hierarchy
An individual’s motivational hierarchy is not rigid but can be influenced by proximal stimuli and by the persons developmental level
Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic: the activity is in itself rewarding, the desire to engage in an activity for its own sake rather than external consequence (passion, creativity, is long lasting)
Extrinsic: the desire to engage in an activity to achieve of avoid an external consequence (reward or punishment). This disappears when the external trigger (reward or punishment) is removed
Incentives
The target of motivated behavior and typically rewarding
Primary vs secondary incentives
Primary: natural rewards, activate the brain’s dopamine system (reward) without need for learning
Eg. Sweet taste
Secondary: established through learning/conditioning
Intrinsic becomes extrinsic motivation and vice versa through…
Over-justification: reward is given without regard for quality of performance (int > ext)
Internalization of extrinsic motivation: extrinsic motivation is taken in and integrated in value system:
Eg. Kid starts liking to draw
Self determination theory
Theory of human motivation with 3 intrinsic human needs:
1 need for autonomy (agency & control)
2 need for competence (challenge and mastery)
3 need for relatedness (meaningful relationships)
Psychological well being is dependent on the satisfaction of these 3 needs
Uses and gratifications theory
People determine what media they use in order to satisfy a need. It is goal oriented to satisfy a specific needs.
Types of needs: Cognitive Affective Social-integrative Personal integrative Tension release
Uses and gratifications theory motivations for mobile phones
Affection/sociability Entertainment Instrumentality Psychological reassurance Fashion/status Mobility Immediate access
Uses and gratifications theory motivations for social media sites
Socializing
Entertainment
Self-seeking (determining personal status and identity)
Information
Bergen social media addiction scale
- you spend a lot of time thinking about social media or planning on how to use it
- you feel an urge to use SM more and more
- you use SM to forget about personal problems
- you tried to cut down SM use without success
- you become restless or troubled when not using SM
- you use SM so much it has negative impact on your job/studies
Addiction (APA) defintion
A complex condition (a brain disease) that has manifested by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences
Behavioral addiction
The DSM (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders) includes substance addiction (smoking, drugs, alcohol) and gambling - the only behavioral addiction
> notions to include internet and smartphone use as well
Gaming addiction is researched and in progress to be added
Features of substance addictions
Preoccupation (distraction)
Mood modification (pleasure, numbing, prevent boredom)
Tolerance (increase use for same effect)
Withdrawal (psycho and physiological)
Relapse
Life dysfunction
Features of addiction that apply to media use (3)
Preoccupation (distraction) Mood modification (pleasure, numbing, preventing boredom) Life dysfunction
Effects of problematic smartphone use (10)
1 lower social skills and increased conflict with others 2 anxiety and loneliness 3 lower psychological well-being 4 low self esteem 5 depression and anxiety 6 impulsivity 7 impaired attention 8 compromised inhibitory control (control impulsive responses) 9 sleep deprivation 10 lowered academic performance
FOMO
Fear of missing out
A pervasive apprehension that others might be having rewarding experiences from which one (you) are absent
Ways of resetting your relationship with new media
Detox periods (awareness interventions, restriction interventions, mindfulness interventions)
Soft but ongoing restrictions (time limits on your smartphone)
Distancing: dedicated alarm clock, notebook, agenda, wrist watch
