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AP Psych > Motivation > Flashcards

Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

a need or desire that serves to energize or direct behavior; includes the influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity, and persistence of behavior

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2
Q

Sources of Motivation: Biological Factors

A

food, water, sleep, sex

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3
Q

Sources of Motivation:

Emotional Factors

A

fear, panic, hatred, love, anger

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4
Q

Sources of Motivation:

Cognitive Factors

A

perceptions of the world, beliefs that you can/can’t do it

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5
Q

Sources of Motivation:

Social Factors

A

reactions from friends, teachers, family, media

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6
Q

Theories of Motivation:

Instinct and Evolutionary Theory

A

instincts are innate, automatic disposition towards responding in a particular way when confronted with a specific stimulus
Learning of species; specific behavior motivates organisms to do what is necessary for their survival
Problem with this theory is that it as not as common in humans as with other species. Humans have some institutional behavior at birth, but their instincts dissipate over first few months
Most psychologists believe that human behavior is directed by physiological and psychological factors.

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7
Q

Theories of Motivation:

Drive-Reduction Theory

A

Motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis. When the balance of the equilibrium shifts we are motivated to try and right the balance.
Imbalance creates a need, brain responds by creating a drive and them prompts the organism to take action to satisfy drive
Need: Food
Drive: Hunger
Drive Reducing Behavior: eating

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8
Q

Theories of Motivation:

Incentive and Cognitive Theory

A

Needs push us into action
Incentive is the object we seek r the result we are trying to achieve through our motivated behavior. Incentives, positive or negative, pull us in one way or another to satisfy our needs. Drives push us to reduce needs, incentives push us to obtain them. Incentives are influenced by biological and cognitive factors

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9
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Engaging in activities for external rewards. Reducing biological needs or helping obtain external incentives.

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10
Q

Intrinsic Motivation

A

Engaging in activities because they are rewarding and fulfill our beliefs and expectations

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11
Q

Theories of Motivation:

Optimum Arousal

A

Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal. We try to increase arousal when it is low, vice versa. There is an optimum level of arousal that is where performance on a given test is optimal. Yerkes-Dodson Law: we perform best when arousal is moderate

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12
Q

Maslow’s Heirarchy of Needs

A
  1. Self Actualization
    4: Esteem
    3: Love, belonging
    2: Safety
    1: Physiological
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13
Q

Hunger

A

Glucose levels affect hunger. Body is normally good at maintaining Glucose Levels, yet insulin decreases glucose in blood, lowering glucose levels, making us feel hungry. Levels in blood are monitored by receptor neurons in stomach, they send signals to brain, specifically hypothalamus

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14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The part of the brain that deals with Hunger

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15
Q

Lateral Hypothlamus

A

responsible for feeling hungry

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16
Q

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

responsible for felling full

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17
Q

Set Point Theory

A

the weight at which your body finds stability. Weight tends drift around the level at which constellation of factors that determine food consumption and expenditure achieve an equilibrium
If weight is lost, food intake increases and energy expenditure decreases
If weight is gained, food intake increases and energy expenditure increases

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18
Q

Environmental Factors

A

Availability of Food: eat because the presence of food
Quantity: people tend to consume what is in front of them
Palatability: the better it tastes, the more people will eat
Eating by the clock: eat because its time to eat
Presence of others: people eat more in front of others

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19
Q

Learned Preference & Habitat

A

Different cultures illustrate the role they play in determining food consumption as well as when and what they eat.

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20
Q

Obesity

A

the condition of being overweight. BMI of 30 is obese

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21
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

a normal weight person loses weight continuously but still thinks they are overweight

22
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

disorder where someone overeats, the vomits, exercises, and fasts

23
Q

Individual differences in achievement

A

for any high achiever the need to achieve stays constant

24
Q

Thematic accerception test

A

test that measures an individual’s need for achievement. People are shown pics and told to write a story about what is happening.

25
Q

Situational Determinants

A

Situational factors can also influence achievement strivings

26
Q

Atkinson Model

A

Pursuit of achievement increases as probability and incentive value goes up
Job: necessary to make money Career: opportunity to advance Calling: fulfilling a socially useful activity

27
Q

Flow and Rewards

A

Flow is the experience of no work or a lot of work. It marks immersion into work.
No work; apathetic & underwhelmed
Lots of work; anxious & overwhelmed
People who flow in their work are driven by intrinsic rewards

28
Q

Motivating Achievement

A

A stable, learned characteristic in which satisfaction is obtained by striving for and attaining excellence.

29
Q

High Achievers

A

choose challenging tasks that are realistic, come from parents who encourage them to try new tasks, praise and reward success, encourage them to find ways to succeed, discourage complaining, prompt them to continue to more difficult challenges, cultural influences

30
Q

Low Achievers

A

motivated by a desire to avoid failure, choose easy tasks

31
Q

Sexual Motives

A

Biological (sexual maturity, sex hormones, sexual orientation)
Psychological (exposure to stimulating conditions, sexual fantasies)
Socio-Cultural (family and society values, religious and personal values, cultural expectations)

32
Q

4 Phases

A
  1. Excitement Phase
  2. Plateau Phase
  3. Orgasm Phase
  4. Resolution Phase
33
Q

Excitement phase

A

Level of physical arousal rises rapidly
Vasocongestion: engorgement of blood vessels, penis enlarges and swollen testes, vagina walls expand and vaginal lubrication in females

34
Q

Plateau phase

A

Excitement peaks (breathing, pulse, blood pressure)
Women: tightening of vaginal phase
Men: secrete fluid (not sperm)

35
Q

Orgasm phase

A

when sexual arousal reaches peak intensity increase in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure. sexual release
Women are more likely to be multiorgasmic

36
Q

Resolution phase

A

engorged genitals release blood. male goes through a refractory period.

37
Q

Biological Theory

A

homosexuality involves a hereditary predisposition

38
Q

Evolutionary Theory

A

did not gain much support

39
Q

Freudian Perspective

A

males are more likely to become gay if raised by a weak father and strong mother

40
Q

Behavioral Theory

A

homosexuality is a learned preference after same sex stimuli being paired

41
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

emotion triggering stimulus & body’s arousal take place simultaneously. Thalamus produces physical and emotional responses simultaneously as it sends messages through brain and body

42
Q

Two Factor Theory

A

(Schachter-singer) our physiology and cognition are composed of physical arousal and cognitive label

43
Q

James Lange Theory

A

Physiological activity preceeds emotional experience. Bodily changes cause you to feel emotions

44
Q

3 Emotional Components

A

Cognitive
Physiological
Behavioral

45
Q

Cognitive

A

Emotion is a highly personal subjective experience

46
Q

Physiological

A

Automatic arousal generally accompanied by visaral arousal

47
Q

Behavioral

A

body language, non verbal behavior that expresses emotions

6 Fundamental emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, disdain

48
Q

Zajonc

A

emphasizes that some emotions are immediate w/out conscious appraisal, emotional reactions can be quicker than our interpretation of a situation

49
Q

Lazarus

A

although the brain does process much unconsciously, even instantaneously felt emotions require some form of cognitive appraisal of the situation

50
Q

Physiological Similarities & Differences

A

physiological responses are similar across emotions of fear, anger, love, boredom. Different during rage, fear, and joy

51
Q

Amygdala

A 
differences in activation during emotions of anger and rage
Left hemisphere (happy) vs Right hemisphere (depressed)
52
Q

Gender, Emotion, & Nonverbal Behavior

A

Women are better at discerning nonverbal behavior and emotions
Most people find it difficult to detect deceptive emotion. Trained professionals could only guess 54% of the time.

AP Psych (9 decks)

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