Motivation Flashcards
Need theories
Theories of motivation that focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what outcomes will satisfy those needs
Premise of needs theories
People are motivated to obtain outcomes at work to satisfy their needs
Maslows hierarchy of needs
Specifies 5 human needs arranged in such a way that lower, basic needs must be satisfied before higher level needs become activated
5 levels of maslows hierarchy
Physiological Safety and security Social Esteem Self actualization
Mcclellands theory of needs
Achievement (drive to excel)
Power (make people behave differently)
Affiliation (close interpersonal relationships)
Cognition (understand and know)
Equity theory
Motivated to create fairness of outcomes to inputs relative to others
Overpayment inequity
Guilty
Get more for less than someone else
Underpayment inequity
Anger
Gets less for more than someone else
Equitable payment
Persons outcome/input ratio is equivalent to that of another person with whom the person compares themselves to
Outcomes
Rewards received from jobs
Salary
Recognition
Inputs
Contributions to job
Qualifications
Time worked
Expectancy theory
Motivation based on people’s beliefs about probability that effort will lead to performance, multiplied by probability performance will lead to reward, multiplied by perceived value of reward
Expectancy
Belief ones efforts will positively influence ones performance
Instrumentality
Beliefs regarding likelihood of being rewarded in accord with level of performance
Valence
Value a person places on rewards expected to receive from organization
Goal setting theory
Specific goals lead to increased performance
Difficult goals, when accepted, result in higher output than easy goals
Self generated feedback is more powerful motivator than externally generated feedback
3 things that influence the relationship between goals and performance
Commitment
Task characteristics
National culture
Operant conditioning
Form of learning where people associate consequences if their actions with the actions themselves
Social learning
Individuals learn by observing what happens to other people and just being told about something as well as direct experiences
Positive reinforcement
Process by which people learn to perform behaviors that lead to presentation of desired outcomes
Negative reinforcement
Process by which people learn to perform acts that lead to removal of undesired events
Punishment
Decreasing undesirable behavior by following it with undesirable consequences
Extinction
Process through which responses that are no longer reinforced tend to gradually diminish in strength
Social learning theory
People learn new behaviors and become motivated by observing others through observational learning
Learning is reinforced by
Self efficacy (one's belief in one's ability) Self reinforcement (rewarding self for motivation)
Merit pay plan
Compensation plan that bases pay on performance
Commission
Pay based on percentage of sales employee makes
Piece rate pay
Employees pay based on number units employee produces
Types of merit pay plans
Bonus
Raise
Commission
Piece rate pay
Profit sharing
Employees receive share of organizations profits
Scanlon plan
Focused on reduced expenses or cutting costs
Employee stock option
Pay based on organizational performance
Types of profit sharing
Scanlon plan
Employee stock option
Motivation (3 parts)
Direction (behaviors)
Effort (how hard work)
Persistence (try or give up)
