Motivation (12) Flashcards
Define motivation
Motivation is a reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular way. Mainly motivation is used when somebody is inspired by something or someone to do something they don’t want to do.
What is the benefits to a business of a motivated workforce
A motivated workforce will benefit the business and its stakeholders as a motivated workforce will increase the output of the business generating more profits and revenue for the business as better productivity, improved quality and improved customer service. Also less absenteeism (less off sick) and improved relationships within the business.
What is a white collar worker
found in office settings in clerical, administrative, or management roles. These people normally earn an annual salary.
Describe Taylors theory of motivation
Financial incentive/motive
Workers are paid for carrying out tasks, not paid for thinking
They are paid for level of output produced involves piece rate (occurs when workers are paid by the unit performed)
The best method of working is to be adapted by all workers
Close supervision of workers and monitoring of performance exists
Was used to lead to large increases of productivity, people like Henry Ford applied this strategy.
Describe the Mayo Theory
Mayo found out that work meant a lot more than just simply earning money, environmental changes such as lighting and humidity and changes in breaks, hours and managerial leadership.
Morale and productivity were affected not so much by the condition changes but the recognition they received affected productivity.
Mayo suggested that Greater communication, better teamwork, showing an interest in others, involving others in decision making, making work interesting and non-repeating.
Communication be most important as workers are listened to.
Describe Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
(From Top to Bottom)
Self-Actuation - morality, creativity, meaning and inner possession
Self-Esteem - Confidence, achievement, respect of others, the need to be unique
Love and Belonging - Friendship, family, intimacy, sense of connection
Safety and security - health, employment, property, family and social ability
Physiological needs - Real needs (shelter, cloths, food, water and sleep)
Describe Herzberg’s two factor theory
The two factors Hygiene factors and motivators
Motivators, factors which motivate
Sense of achievement
Chance of promotion
Chance of improvement
Recognition in effort
Responsibility
Nature of the job itself
Hygiene factors – Factors which need to be met to prevent dissatisfaction, will not motivate themselves.
Hygiene factors must be satisfied first to make the motivators work
Pay
Conditions
Company policy
Relationships with higher levels of hierarchy
Treatment at work
Inability to develop
Feelings of inadequacy
Explain Vrooms theory
Vroom assumed that people acted in their own best interests according to their beliefs about the outcomes of their own behaviour and maximised their happiness and minimised their unhappiness.
Vroom has 3 components to his theory
Valence, according to vroom an individual will undertake a task if they believe that they will receive a worthwhile reward as a result.
Instrumentality, vroom meant by that an individual needs to believe that a particular action is likely to lead to a particular result.
Expectancy, Individuals belief in the likelihood of their being able to achieve a target that has been set for them.
Explain porters and Lawlers theory
Also propose that an individual’s motivation is affected by reward. They categorised rewards as intrinsic and extrinsic.
Intrinsic rewards include the positive feeling that the individual experiences from completing the task e.g pride, satisfaction. To increase intrinsic rewards the job had to emphasised as more important.
Extrinsic rewards are rewards that come from outside the individual e.g material rewards such as pay increases and bonuses.
Give financial methods of motivation
Piece rate – Payments for each unit produced used by manufacturers.
Commision – A payment system mainly used with white collar worker, a payment achieving a target.
Bonus – Usually a money payment for people who are performing the best or working the most
Salarys – A salary is usually paid each month and are fixed, 12 identical payments
Profit sharing is where workers get a share of the profit made by the company which employs them.
Share ownership – LTD or plc, employees maybe given shares in the company and therefore become owners.
Performance related pay – Performance-related pay is a financial reward to employees whose work is considered to have reached a required standard, and/or above average.
Give non-financial methods of motivation
Consultation – An employer talks and listens to employees about organisation issues and changes which affect them until they reach an agreement.
Job design - Job design is all about the tasks and responsibilities that are grouped into a specific job. Job design can have a significant influence on labour productivity through the link with motivation.
Job enlargement – Involves giving an employee more work to do in a similar nature so the employee isn’t to repetitive
Job enrichment – Attempts to give employees greater responsibility extending their role
Empowerment – Giving employees to do more independent decisions recognising that employees are more capable.
Team working – A collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal this creates the employees a better relationship may be more enjoyable.
Flexible working – Workers have flexible hours to work letting them plan other things throughout the day e.g childcare this gives the employees more flexibility.
