Motherhood and Infancy Flashcards
function of hemochorial placenta
- give sugar, oxygen and nutrients to baby
- placenta penetrated more deeply as primates evolved
- cells can jump from mom–>baby
- close blood supply
- placental antibody transfer
Placental antibody transfer
- maternal IgG (antibody for flu) passes through trophoblast and fetal endothelium into infant blood supply
- after 3 months, baby can make its own IgG but it’s a slow process after mom’s supply is cut off
when do you vaccinate a baby?
- after 3 months of age
- infant has memory of antibody from mom’s blood supply
- infant is overwhelmed when first born - need antibodies right at birth
how does baby get antibodies after birth?
through breast milk
which primates have the least amount of adult antibodies? most?
- least: galago
- most: human
- more antibodies given before birth, more antibodies will be present in baby after birth (premature babies lose some of this antibody protection; get sick more)
transplacental iron transfer
- half from placenta
- half from breast milk (this is not very effective; if it’s the only one, babies/monkeys can still become anemic)
what are the stages for an infant to get iron deficiency anemia
- low transfer (from mother to child)
- low iron stores (iron needed for post natal growth is low)
- iron deficiency anemia
evolution of motherhood
- egg laying mammals
- viviparous mammals (placental)
- alticial - prococial (developed)
which type of species has prolongation of pregnancy and nursing?
- k-selected
- also females have a higher investment than males
squirrel monkeys
- how long do they nurse?
- what is that called?
- 6 months
- lactational amenorrhea
what do you do to make nursing work as birth control?
-NURSE CONTINUOUSLY
species variation - nesting
-which type of primate?
prosimians
species variation - twins
-which type of primate?
-new world monkeys: marmosets and tamarins
species variation - aunting
- which type of primate?
- what is aunting?
- squirrel monkeys
- other females help out mom (older daughter, mom’s sister)
species variation - baby passing among females
- which type of primate?
- what else can happen?
- langurs
- if female is dominant, she may take the baby from its actual mother
species variation - male carrying for protection
- which type of primate?
- what is it?
- some gibraltar macaques
- protecting other monkeys who won’t attack if they’re holding a baby
species variation - baby parking
-smaller prosimians
birthing patterns and child care in larger prosimians
- single births
- baby rides on mom continuously from birth
species variation - paternal care
-which species
NW monkeys: marmosets and tamarins, titi monkey, owl moneky
maternal selective bond
-maternal motivation to care only for the child they birth
what happens if selective bond is broken
-agitation reaction to involuntary separation
how did selective bond come to be?
- permissive hormones: prolactin and oxytocin (facilitating hormones)
- birthing process: C-section may result in rejection of child
- socialization: help in raising children
- elicitors
how does a mother know its her baby?
- size
- smell
- natal coat: different color coat at birth
- cute response
- distress calls
- neoteny
what does the baby bring to the relationship
- grasping/clasping
- rooting/suckling
- negative geotropism
- tools
negative geotropism
-babies like to keep their head up
cute response
- who discovered it
- what is it
- Konrad Lorenz
- we like babies because they’re cute
3 stages in mother-infant relationship
support and love–>ambivalence–>rejection and babies become independent
what age does rejection typically occur?
which primate is the exception?
- 6-7mo
- chimpanzees: 2-3 yrs because they’re not as strong so the moms have to hold on to kids more (also true for bonobos)
other things mothers do
- make sure child is not in danger
- play with child
- source of emotional security
what happens when source of initial security is not present?
-children have a harder time becoming independent
imprinting
-infant learning process
perceptual learning
-familiarity with something in 1 context can increase change of avoidance in another context
affect of distress on rhesus monkeys (reading)
- depression
- hunched posture
- reduction in locomotor activity
Neonatal Imitation in Rhesus Monkeys
- emergence of social behaviors early in life is necessary for development of mother-infant relationships
- imitative gestures are not unique to apes and humans
- they have communicative functions
- gestures: lip smacking, tongue protrusion, mouth opening, hand opening and opening/closing eyes
Stress diathesis/generic vulnerability
-certain variants of key behavioral genes make people more vulnerable to mood, personality or psychiatric disorders
Dandelion children vs orchid children
- dandelion: normal
- orchid: need care to bloom, but go bad if not cared for
